The True Greatness Of Abraham Lincoln Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The True Greatness of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln is known as one of the greatest presidents in the history of The United States, chiefly for his emancipation of slaves. But was Lincoln truly an advocator of the rights of inkinesss? Lincoln had the purpose of continuing the Union and fulfilling the American people, yet he was indecisive about his racial positions of mid-nineteenth century America. Although Lincoln freed some slaves, he had a really negative position towards the black race. Lincoln was non a great president because he emancipated the slaves, but a great president because he preserved The Union. Lincoln was indecisive on the issue of bondage. He did non desire to get rid of the full establishment of bondage but he besides did non desire it to distribute. He believed that bondage was a moral incorrect and stated this when he spoke in forepart of emancipationists in Chicago stating # 8220 ; Let us fling all this quibbling about this adult male and the other adult male, this race and that race and the other race being inferior, and hence they must be placed in an inferior place. We will write a custom essay sample on The True Greatness Of Abraham Lincoln Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Let us fling all these things, and unite as one people throughout this land, until we shall one time more stand up declaring that all me are created equal. # 8221 ; But he besides felt that emancipationists were besides incorrect in seeking to make away with bondage. Hofstader provinces that Lincoln believed that # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the establishment of bondage is founded on unfairness and bad policy, but that the announcement of abolishment philosophies tends to increase instead than slake its evils. # 8221 ; This means that Lincoln thought that bondage was incorrect but suggesting to make away with it is besides incorrect because it makes slavery worse. Lincoln besides believed that bondage was incorrect because it might jeopardize the on the job category. Lincoln believed that every individual, no affair how hapless, had a opportunity to win in life. He thought that the enlargement of bondage would jeopardize this. His ideas are shown when he says # 8220 ; # 8230 ; One of the grounds why I am opposed to slavery is merely here. What is the true status of the labourer? I take it that it is best for all to go forth each adult male free to get belongings as fast as he can. Some will acquire affluent. I don ; *t believe in a jurisprudence to forestall a adult male from acquiring rich ; it would make more injury than good. So while we do no suggest any war upon capital, we do wish to let the humblest adult male an equal opportunity to acquire rich with everybody else. When on starts hapless, as most do in the race of life, free society is such that he knows he can break his status ; he knows that there is no fixed status of labour for his whole life # 8230 ; That is the true system. † Lincoln was foremost and foremost a politician. After giving an anti-slavery address to emancipationists in Chicago a few months before, Lincoln reversed his place on bondage and argued for the right of the establishment of bondage to be. Lincoln showed his beliefs on the lower status of the black race in his address to Southern break ones back holders in Charleston. # 8220 ; I will state, so, that I am non, nor of all time have been, in favour of conveying about in any manner the societal and political equality of the white and black races: that I am non, nor of all time have been, in favour of doing electors or jurymans of Negroes, nor of measure uping them to keep office, nor to intermarry with white people # 8230 ; And inasmuch as they can non so unrecorded, wile they do stay together there must be the place of superior and inferior, and I every bit much as any other adult male am in favour of holding the superior place assigned to the white race. # 8221 ; Many people believe that Lincoln fought The Civil War to liberate the slaves but that is far from true. In fact, Lincoln himself stated that # 8220 ; My paramount object in this battle is to salvage the Union, and it is non either to salvage or destruct bondage. If I could salvage the Union without any slaves, I would make it, if I could salvage it by liberating all the slaves I would make it ; and if I could salvage it by liberating some and go forthing others entirely I would besides make that. # 8221 ; Lincoln demonstrated this belief during The Civil War. In the beginning of the war, Lincoln avoided the bondage issue because # 8220 ; He did non desire to lose the support of the war attempt that existed among Unionist slave holders in the boundary line provinces and antiblack citizens elsewhere in the North. # 8221 ; But as the war went on, Lincoln knew that the North needed a cause worthy of the forfeits the war required. The Emancipation Proclamation provided Lincoln with th e cause that he needed. This is the true ground Lincoln freed the slaves. In decision, Abraham Lincoln was a great adult male non for his beliefs on bondage but for continuing The Union. Lincoln did non keep a strong position on bondage and hence should non be known for his determinations on bondage. If Lincoln was non president during The Civil War, he might non hold been viewed and honored as one of the greatest presidents in American History. Bibliography Blum, John M. The National Experience A History of The United States New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1963. Hofstadter, Richard The American Political Experience And The Work force Who Made It New York: Vintage Books, 1948 Neely, Mark The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia New York: McGraw Publications, 1982

Prime Minister of Canada - Role and Duties

Prime Minister of Canada - Role and Duties The prime minister is the head of government in Canada. The Canadian prime minister is usually the leader of the political party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons in a general election. The prime minister may lead a majority government or a minority government. Although the role of prime minister in Canada is not defined by any law or constitutional document, it is the most powerful role in Canadian politics. Head of Government The prime minister of Canada is head of the executive branch of the Canadian federal government. The Canadian prime minister provides leadership and direction to the government with the support of a cabinet, which the prime minister chooses, the prime ministers office (PMO) of political staff, and the privy council office (PCO) of non-partisan public servants who provide a focal point for the Canadian public service. Cabinet Chair The cabinet is a key decision-making forum in the Canadian government. The Canadian prime minister decides on the size of the cabinet and selects cabinet ministers- usually members of parliament and sometimes a senator- and assigns their department responsibilities and portfolios. In selecting the members of the cabinet, the prime minister tries to balance Canadian regional interests, ensures an appropriate mix of anglophones and francophones, and makes sure that women and ethnic minorities are represented. The prime minister chairs cabinet meetings and controls the agenda. Party Leader Since the source of power of the prime minister in Canada is as leader of a federal political party, the prime minister must always be sensitive to the national and regional executives of their party as well as to the grassroots supporters of the party. As party leader, the prime minister must be able to explain party policies and programs  and be able to put them into action. In elections in Canada, voters increasingly define the policies of a political party by their perceptions of the party leader, so the prime minister must continuously attempt to appeal to a large number of voters. Political appointments- such as senators, judges, ambassadors, commission members and crown corporation executives- are often used by Canadian prime ministers to reward the party faithful. Role in Parliament The prime minister and cabinet members have seats in Parliament (with occasional exceptions) and lead and direct Parliaments activities and its legislative agenda. The prime minister in Canada must retain the confidence of the majority of the members in the House of Commons or resign and seek a dissolution of Parliament to have the conflict resolved by an election. Due to time constraints, the prime minister participates in only the most important debates in the House of Commons, such as the debate on the Speech from the Throne and debates on contentious legislation. However, the prime minister does defend the government and its policies in the daily Question Period in the House of Commons. The Canadian prime minister must also fulfill their responsibilities as a member of Parliament in representing the constituents in their riding, or electoral district.

Summertime Dues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summertime Dues - Essay Example text is narrative since it captures the interest of the reader while focusing on the central theme of the character that students adopt during summer jobs. In addition, Kirn’s text takes the form of an expository text since it informs the reader about summer jobs and the lessons drawn from most of these jobs (Cooper et al. 146). The main theme of Kirn’s text has a basis on the character that students espouse during summer jobs. In this case, Kirn noted students who failed to work during the summer and choose other pursuits found themselves disadvantaged since they failed to learn some traits in modern day work although some of these traits may be mainly negative (364). In this case, Kirn is of the view that these characters developed during summer jobs are crucial in future jobs. Conversely, Kirn is of the view that summer jobs are merely political schemes or entitlement programs hatched to keep unruly kids busy and away from their parents (365). Kirn’s writing style is interesting. In this regard, only a few writers are able to inform as well as hold the reader’s interest all through the text. Kirn is in the group of exceptional writer, and the most interesting part of his style is that the article is informative, and it is thought provoking. In this case, this style of writing makes the reader to beginning questioning the rationale of summer jobs. In addition, the style of writing is interesting since it evokes a feeling of the need to prepare students by teaching them ethical practices before engaging in summer jobs. While it is evident that Kirn’s article is both expository and narrative, it would have been more appropriate for Kirn to strike a balance between the uses of these text types in the article. In this regard, the article appears to be more of a narrative. In effect, Kirn failed to present more facts on summer jobs by primarily dealing with his personal experiences. However, it would have been more appropriate for Kirn to present more

Political Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Philosophy - Essay Example What the law is and what it should be are entirely different. Hence a society can also make a law that might be immoral, and a wicked organization can also institute a system of laws. Second thing that legal positivists believed was that the legal concepts are an important endeavor. Thirdly, they said that the laws are orders given by rulers that are followed by people forcefully. Hart was agreed on the first two points but he was not convinced with the third. He did not believe that a legal system is in total control of sovereign to command. According to him it was because of pressurizing of government that people do not obey laws. In the Concept of Law, Hart has argued that compliance of law is impossible when imposed forcefully on public. Hart took a legal system as a union of primary and secondary rules and not as a compilation of individual laws. He has defined primary rules as the rules which imply a force on a citizen on his deeds, that is, what he can and can not do. He said that secondary rules define specifics of the primary rules.

Discussion feedback Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion feedback - Assignment Example They are directly responsible for meeting the development schedules according to the need and demand of the design and technical specifications. A technical leader should possess the three basic KSAs that include technical independence, technology influence and technology initiative. Many people and experts feel that there is a strong link and dependency between science and technology. It is arguable that one can exist without the other. Explain in detail and provide your perspective with practical examples of why you feel there is or is not a connection between science and technology. Ans. Science and technology are evolving rapidly. They are developing new revolutions between different inventions and technological designs. Usually, the solution to one’s technological problem is found in the invention of other. Science and technology are interdependent on one another. Discovery in one field promotes and explores new ways and techniques in another field. There are a number of factors and precautions that need to be considered when developing and introducing new technologies to the marketplace. This is especially the case when this could be a technology without a known history. One specific consideration is around ethics such as the impact on people and the environment. What are some common ethical challenges, issues and dilemmas encountered when creating and commercializing a new technology? Describe in detail and provide an example of each type (challenges, issues and dilemmas) for both the development and introduction process. Ans. Different ethical challenges arise when a new technology is created and commercialized. Some of the issues or ethical dilemmas revolve around financial development and fulfilling the short/long term goals. All around the world issue of privacy has been the greatest ethical dilemma for healthcare sector to maintain the privacy of the patient and his family in a

Building Maintenance Review for University

Building Maintenance Review for University Strategy As Plymouth University strives to distinguish its legacy through excellence in facility offerings, the maintenance of such structures becomes an essential part of the strategy. Refurbishment has already been undertaken across the campus in the past five years, as major additions and facelifts have offered dimension and expanded capabilities for an expanding student and faculty body. Ultimately in the preservation of this legacy, a proactive revision to campus maintenance is needed, one which will ensure that the lifecycle costs of the multiple structures are limited and appropriate. Reactionary maintenance programmes dramatically detract from such principles; therefore, by following the programmed outlined herein, officials will effectively navigate the broad spectrum of repair and maintenance projects which will develop in the coming decades. Exemplary of campus revisions in the past several years, perhaps the most noticeable addition has been that of the Roland Levinsky building. A remarkable new structure boasting 12,711m2 of spatial area and housing an expanded Faculty of the Arts, this building is representative of all that the university plans for the future of the campus faà §ade and its legacy. These developments include meritorious architecture, active facility management, and long term preservation techniques as structural retention among both new and historic participants becomes an essential part of the long term process. Supplemental rehabilitations and expansions have included the Rolle Building development and the Nacy Astor building programme. A combined total area of over 11,000 m2, these two structures represent a campus evolution which retains history while at the same time, boasts a progressive vision. Incorporating new student housing and offers substantial revisions to common areas, sports facilities, and office space, the maintenance of such facilities will become a pivotal role in the university reputation for quality and consistency. To define appropriate and effective maintenance strategies, it become essential to identify the structural frailties which will be encountered over the coming years. A case study conducted of homes in the Midlands area determined that the predominant cause of structural deterioration is underground movement and shifting, while material defects and superstructure decay fill in the remaining sources.[1] Recognising that such variables are essential to maintenance of a building’s lifecycle directs the maintenance programme towards structural components, specifically those of the super and substructures and their material integrity. In considering that maintaining only such areas would not fully integrate the much broader aesthetic and range of functional components within university buildings, there are other factors which must be considered as well. Similar surveys and studies have identified inadequacy defects within the structure itself which stem from roofing failure (42.9%), walls and column deficiencies (21.2%), lintel failure (18.5), and beam and joist overloading (17.5%).[2] These components broaden the scope of maintenance operations; however, recognition of their frailties and the potential for system-wide failure given component collapse enables maintenance crews to seriously consider structural deviance and proactively reform and refurbish according to the prescribed strategy. Determining which areas will offer the greatest challenge and thereby warrant the most attention becomes a more difficult task. Material defects are also of considerable concern when designing a maintenance programme, as deterioration stemming from biological, chemical, and physical attack can substantially reduce the longevity of a structure and dramatically increase long term maintenance costs.[3] Understanding that while new structures may incorporate the most advanced materials and construction techniques, recognition of material failure, could highlight additional system deviance such as elemental concerns that undermine functional operation of the building. Similarly, within historic campus structures, the potential for material deterioration is substantially higher, detracting from longevity and reducing functionality without proactive initiatives. Perhaps the most substantial concern given the prevalence of inclement weather, identifying key seepage points and wet areas will assist maintenance crews in stopping problems before they increase in both cost and severity. The maintenance cost of wet areas within a building’s substructure can extract between 35 and 50% of a building’s annual maintenance cost, in spite of their limited area occupation (10% in most cases).[4] Within the structural elements which are contained in wet areas, studies have demonstrated that there are three main causes of system failure, highlighting water leakages, corrosion of pipes, and the spalling of concrete as substantial modes of foundation decay.[5] From this perspective, regular maintenance and constant evaluation of wet area structures will also be an essential part of the maintenance programme. The team involved in such initiatives must be one of substantial talent, including abilities directly related to those concerns which will most occupy their time, including routine building maintenance, minor construction, repair, and general upkeep. An in-house team whose number is dictated by the scope of the short term maintenance programme should be able to assume the role of daily operator in terms of duties such as light bulb replacement, leak management in pipe couplings, plumbing blockage, door hinge failure, minor boiler issues, tap washer changes, sign erection, and a host of other duties. Along these lines, internal team members must be coached in awareness faculties, ensuring that they can recognise and act when presented with system frailties or structural deviance. Such identification should include slipped tiling, dampness and wet areas, unnatural ageing, rot or mould, cracking, discolouration, and many other signs that the integrity of each building is being negativel y affected by some element. These in house participants should also be versed in decoration and design principles, enabling their participation in an ongoing aesthetic awareness programme where they adjust and alter the decorum to suit university objectives. In spite of the high costs associated with emergency repairs, the best maintenance programme cannot prevent their incidence; therefore maintenance contracts must be designed to ensure cost effectiveness while at the same time encourage a rapid response time. Such partnerships should entail a specific cost basis dependent on the required task, and revolve around a long term relationship in which the maintenance contractors become familiar with the university. A twenty-four hour guideline should be in place for response rates; however, given a major system failure such as a boiler break or plumbing backup, emergency teams must be immediately available. The maintenance programme will entail a rotation of short, medium, and long term tasks, each assigned to either an in-house participant or contracted to an external maintenance team. As these responsibilities happen at regular intervals, long term contracts can remain in place on a specific rotation to ensure that participants are acting proactively and in accordance with the programme needs, not reaction based hiring. Teams should be qualified according to skill set and appropriateness for the stage of the maintenance programme, ensuring that contractor responsibilities do not exceed their scope of normal operation. As structural and systematic problems are identified during the regular review periods and daily operations, maintenance teams must recognise the severity of the damage or wear on the structure and inform a supervisory team of their findings. From this control position, the team will either instruct on internal repair or will hire out the duty to an outside firm. Managin g costs through the maintenance chain will ensure that the university meets their long term cost objectives and yet remains active in the scope of their building maintenance. Maintenance Policy Review To develop an effective maintenance programme, the university must adopt a perspective of preventative maintenance, one which while often perceived as costly in the short term, will dramatically reduce the systematic failure in the long term. Holmes and Droop (1982) recognised that periodic maintenance is most often directed according to budget instead of aligning with the needs of the building in question.[6] As university expenditure expectations are oftentimes maligned with real working scenarios, the determination of a predictive budget and maintenance policy will enable referral and discussion to be directed towards a proactive scenario. The reality is that instead of developing a systematic maintenance framework, decision makers will often choose to weigh budgeting concerns against the severity of the needed service prior to attempting any form of work.[7] Maintenance of a university campus is not about severity or reactionist tendencies. Instead, the maintenance of school faci lities must be directed towards a long term focus of preservation and conservation, ensuring that sustainability is an ultimate objective. The following charts detail the short, medium, and long term focus through which maintenance projects will directly reduce the overall cost basis for renovation and repair over the life of school structures. The representative building is the Reynolds Building, although this plan could be repositioned for any of the many structures on campus with minimal adjustment. In spite of the fact that the costing data is only a general estimate, it places into perspective just how overwhelming major projects can be. Therefore, following a set maintenance plan and integrating professional labour to ensure its validity will enable the university to reduce costs and adequately maintain their diverse structural offering. It should be noted that all three sections contain a complete interior and exterior survey during which any potential problems are identified long before they become emergency repairs. Such analyses should be performed by a licensed surveyor and entail differing levels of comprehensiveness according to the length of time in between reviews. This process is essential to the preventative maintenance scheme of the university, as in spite of other review, the educated perspective of the surveyor could catch concerns before they escalate into much larger challenges. The relatively low cost of this process would be escalated if problems were found; however, the overall long term savings due to a proactive methodology is substantial Short Term Costs The following chart details the short term maintenance costs which will enhance the overall operations of university buildings while at the same time ensure that major systems are checked and repaired prior to major collapse. For the purpose of this plan, short term can be considered a one to two year variable in which the repetition of action is essential to preventative techniques. Each of these segments will not individually contribute to costly renovations; however, when considered as a unit, the cost basis for rehabilitating a distressed structure would be substantial and should be avoided at all costs. Primary Systems Maintenance To begin to exploit the systems which most influence the structural security and stability of a building, a composite of form and function must be evaluated and long term costs prohibited. The key systems within the university building structures include heating and cooling systems, gutters and down pipes and fire protection tools. Aligning these systems around a schedule of regular repair will elongate the life of these instrumental participants and ensure that building stability is upheld. The consideration within this model for gutters and down pipes as essential modes of preservation is directly due to the nature of groundwater seepage and runoff. In order to ensure a long lifecycle for each structure, the water diversion systems must be intimately linked to a maintenance schedule. By cleaning on a 6 month frequency, maintenance technicians are ensuring that any foreign debris that might have filled those units, particularly during the Autumn season, is removed prior to more wet and rain-filled weather. Secondly, ensuring that heating and cooling systems operate at maximum efficiency over their lifecycle assists the university budget on many levels. First and foremost, efficiency measures reduce the overall energy costs associated with maintaining an appropriate temperature within the structure. As global concern regarding energy usage continues to overwhelm headlines and Parliamentary initiatives, complying with social and political expectations places the university at the forefront of ‘green’ supporters. Alternately, when considering the costs of unit replacement in comparison with the minor costs of unit overhaul and monitoring, the potential for unforeseen budgeting problems is very prevalent. Through preventative maintenance on these units which includes a cleaning of the ducts and system components in addition to oiling the motor and replacing belts, the university will ensure that systems operate at extreme efficiency. This maintenance should be done in accordan ce with season frequencies, including the Winter and Summer seasons during which units will be taxed to their maximum capacity. Secondary Systems Maintenance Within the scope of this maintenance schedule, there are other systems which are essential for appropriate functioning of building operations as well as those, that if not well maintained, can cause higher long term costs for the university. Lighting, weather proofing, and drainage are all within this category, and although their functions can easily be considered a primary concern to daily campus life, their long term impact on the university budget is limited in the scope of material costs and lifecycle. Lighting replacement and repair is an essential step to ensuring that daily operations are performed in an attractive and well supplied environment, encouraging patrons to continue their use of university facilities. When replacing bulbs within a regular cycle, maintenance crews are identifying any faults within the lighting system which could turn into critical electrical failure at a later date. Similarly, the replacement of bulbs enables the most efficient and environmentally friendly units to be placed into rotation at regular intervals. This expected maintenance will need to be altered according to technological advances and lifecycle. Within the whole life cost cycle of a structure, the potential for inclement weather and more importantly, the failure of structural systems to prevent penetration by this weather, can dramatically reduce the longevity and efficiency of a building. Therefore, checking the weather stripping and ensuring that all door and window seals function appropriately ensures that time sensitive erosion and wear on the structure does not occur. This maintenance also ensures that the crew evaluates a variety of key entry and exit points for rodent or insect incursions and eliminates the potential for such future problems. Finally, within the secondary modes of short term maintenance, drainage systems are an oft ignored reactive form of maintenance which, when properly maintained, can substantially contribute to structure longevity and limit the propensity for future problems. Ensuring that the proper flow of waste waters away from the building is regular and consistent eliminates the costly reactive calls to plumbing contractors after emergency situations have dictated refurbishment. Similarly, proactive evaluation of this system offers plumbers the opportunity to note any potential cracks, fissures, or weak points within the piping system and ensure that all drive mechanisms are appropriately synced for efficient operation. Short Term Maintenance Item Description Frequency Additional Equipment Anticip. Cost Notes Gutters Cleaning and debris removal 6 Months (After Autumn/Spring) Scaffolding  £270.00 Price Includes Scaffolding Down Pipes Cleaning and debris removal 6 Months (After Autumn/Spring) Scaffolding Included in Gutter Cost Price Includes Scaffolding Fire Equipment System evaluation, recharge, and certification 3 Months (Seasonal) Replacement Extingusihers  £180.00 Price includes system certification Heating System System evaluation, vent cleaning and tubing refurbish (As Needed) 6 Months (Prior to Winter and After Summer) Ladder, Replacement Parts  £240.00 Price includes cleaning Fire/Smoke Alarms Check batteries, test function, and replace if needed 3 Months (Seasonal) Replacement alarm  £115.00 Indicates replacement Cooling System System Evaluation, recharge, system cleaning (6 Months Prior to Summer and After Winter) Ladder, Replacement Parts  £310.00 Includes Recharge Lighting Light bulb replacement, system overhaul as needed Monthly as Needed, 6 months for major systems Ladder, Replacement Bulbs, Replacement Housing  £85.00 Includes Replacement of bulbs at 6 month interval Weather proofing Reapply stripping to interior and exterior door and window seals Anuual (Prior to Winter) Weather Stripping, Sealant  £110.00 Includes replacement throughout building Windows Cleaned, debris removed, function certified 3 Months (Seasonal) Ladder, Scaffolding  £270.00 Includes Cleaning and scaffolding rental Drainage Analysis All drains inspected for free flow action and plumbing repaired as needed Annual (Prior to Summer) Snaking system, chemical unblock system  £320.00 Includes Cleaning of problem areas Interior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of interior Annual (Prior to Spring) Ladder  £180.00 Full inspection Exterior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of exterior (Includes ground variance and nearby incidences) Annual (After Autum) Ladder  £180.00 Full inspection TOTAL ANNUAL COST  £2,260.00 Medium Term The medium term responsibilities offer an ideal time frame for replacement and refurbishment that includes more substantial, and generally, more costly repairs than those attempted in the short term. The expectation remains that any problem which arises during routine inspections must be dealt with according to the needs of the university, not the maintenance schedule or proposed budget. Through adherence to this strategy throughout the whole life costing of the structure, quality will be maintained and the overall lifecycle costs will be reduced. Primary Systems Maintenance The primary systems evaluated during the medium term are directly related to the essential operations of the structure, including those systems which can debilitate and detract from the consistent workings of the building, including the boiler, the electrical system, and the gutter system. Recognising that the replacement of these systems at the medium term interval will substantially improve cost savings over emergency repair and expensive maintenance projects is a priority for committee members. The boiler replacement is most likely one of the most expensive, but most rewarding measures to be taken at the medium term interval. Given that the average life-span of a boiler could potentially last longer than the ten year period listed here, the maintenance team must be able to recognise the characteristics of a well-functioning or suffering unit and offer advice regarding its condition during standard evaluations before and after this period. Replacement is highly recommended at the ten year mark because this essential systems component could substantially increase costs of a disaster repair in the event of its failure. Analysis of the electrical system will be included within the survey report conducted at the short-term intervals and expanded into the full spectrum 10 year evaluation in the medium term. Those systems which are deemed faulty during this period should be replaced immediately, as malfunctioning electrical systems can become an unanticipated fire hazard. Replacing the electrical system at ten year intervals ensures that the insulation efficacy is maintained and that updated wiring is installed for new technology to function properly. Finally, within the primary systems, the gutter and down pipe components become an essential mode of structural preservation, as the water transport away from the building limits the amount of erosion and decay over a lengthy period of time. At the ten year period, however, the prediction is that most of the system will have begun to demonstrate signs of wear, specifically around the hardware and jointing sections of the unit. Repair teams should undergo substantial overhaul to replace mounting brackets and pipe couplings as well as replacing any sections of the system which are cracking or developing holes due to exposure to the elements. Secondary Systems Maintenance The medium term secondary systems are represented by those that both enhance the standard operations of the structure and offer the most cost versus value refurbishment within the maintenance system. Although primary systems are deemed essential components, the high visibility of the secondary systems ensures that they are of an essential nature to the continued functioning of the structure. The building decoration, and in essence, the prescribed character of the interior structure is a maintenance project that requires substantial investment and vision. External contractors participating in the decoration revision every six years should replace drapes and visible accessories, alter furniture to match the expected period representation, and dramatically alter any additional components which add to the building aesthetics. The cost in this plan is a best case scenario cost and will have to be updated according to the broad range of needs. Aligned with redecoration, the repair and replacement of both internal and external finishes dramatically improves the user perception of the building, supporting operations and ensuring that during this activity that walls and beams are in good repair. While the costs in these sections are an estimate, paint quality must be chosen of a high enough grade to endure elements and use over the coming decade, and of a colouring that matches the prescribed decoration aesthetics of the contractors’ vision. Finally, within the medium term, updating carpet and repairing the flooring become enhancement variables which ensure both function and aesthetics are aligned throughout the building. Although the wear lifecycle of both of these systems may offer a longer term operation, by replacing these components within the medium interval sustains the overall appearance of the building as well as identifies any underfoot rot or decay which could cause substantial problems later in the building lifecycle. These costs are only estimates, and depending on the quality or installation costs, the replacement of these elements could be substantially higher. Medium Term Maintenance Item Description Frequency Additional Equipment Anticip. Cost Notes Decoration All interior and exterior decorative features cleaned or retouched as needed, application of desired new features 6 Years Added moulding and New decoration features  £1,400.00 Includes interior design revision Interior Wall Finish Paint or stain alteration throughout interior of structure 8 Years New Paint colours  £2,800.00 Includes new paint for all surfaces Exterior Wall Finish Paint or stain alteration throughout exterior of structure 8 Years New Paint colours  £3,200.00 Includes new paint for all surfaces Gutters Gutters repaired or replaced as needed 10 Years Remove and Replace hardware  £1,100.00 Includes hardware replacement and repair to system Boiler Boiler system cleaned, repaired, or replaced 10 Years New Boiler System  £2,200.00 Replacement of Boiler System Heating System System Features and couplings replaced, vent system replaced 10 Years New vent system  £2,700.00 Includes labour and cost of new venting system Flooring All Flooring examined for structural soundness and replaced as needed 7 Years New Flooring  £1,700.00 Includes New Flooring Carpeting All carpeting examined for fraying and stains and replaced as needed 7 Years Replacement Carpet  £1,400.00 Includes New Carpeting Interior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of interior 10 Years Structural Modifications  £240.00 Includes in-depth survey only Exterior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of exterior (Includes ground variance and nearby incidences) 10 Years Structural Modifications  £240.00 Includes in-depth survey only Electrical Eval Explore electrical system and replace any frayed wiring or non-working areas 8 Years New Wiring system  £1,700.00 Includes cost of new wiring system Roofing Repatch Patch and fill areas demonstrating extensive wear or lack of structural stability 5 years Roofing shingles or covering  £400.00 Includes labour and new shingles Damp proofing Analyse all areas for wet seepage, fill and fix problem areas 7 Years Mastic replacement and filling  £700.00 Includes replacement of all mastic and fillings Drainage Clear Drains cleaned and pumped through ensuring proper rate of flow 4 years Pressurised Cleaning  £350.00 Complete system cleaning and pumping TOTAL MEDIUM TERM COSTS  £20,130.00 Long Term As the building lifecycle reaches the long term variables of the maintenance plan, substantial wear and repair throughout the passage of time will have altered many of the structural variables within the system. From this perspective, an according chart of timelines must be maintained to identify when particular items have been replaced prior to the lifecycle prediction. Overall, the long term costs will be substantially higher than either the short or medium term; however, the replacement of major systems offers an improved structural integrity and preserves the structure for many more decades of use. Primary Systems Maintenance As with the other timeline components,

Swimming :: essays research papers

Swimming Learning something new can be a scary experience. One of the hardest things I've ever had to do was learn how to swim. I was always afraid of the water, but I decided that swimming was an important skill that I should learn. I also thought it would be good exercise and help me to become physically stronger. What I didn't realize was that learning to swim would also make me a more confident person. New situations always make me a bit nervous, and my first swimming lesson was no exception. After I changed into my bathing suit in the locker room, I stood timidly by the side of the pool waiting for the teacher and other students to show up. After a couple of minutes the teacher came over. She smiled and introduced herself, and two more students joined us. Although they were both older than me, they didn't seem to be embarrassed about not knowing how to swim. I began to feel more at ease. We got into the pool, and the teacher had us put on brightly colored water wings to help us stay afloat. One of the other students, May, had already taken the beginning class once before, so she took a kickboard and went splashing off by herself. The other student, Jerry, and I were told to hold on to the side of the pool and shown how to kick for the breaststroke. One by one, the teacher had us hold on to a kickboard while she pulled it through the water and we kicked. Pretty soon Jerry was off doing this by himself, traveling at a fast clip across the short end of the pool. Things were not quite that easy for me, but the teacher was very patient. After a few more weeks, when I seemed to have caught on with my legs, she taught me the arm strokes. Now I had two things to concentrate on, my arms and my legs. I felt hopelessly uncoordinated. Sooner than I imagined, however, things began to feel "right" and I was able to swim! It was a wonderful free feeling - like flying, maybe - to be able to shoot across the water. Learning to swim was not easy for me, but in the end my persistence paid off.