Comparative Analysis of the Theories and Methods Used in...

The following paper is a comparative analysis of the theories and methods used by the authors of â€Å"Inked into Crime? An Examination of the Casual Relationships between Tattoos and Life-Course-Offending among males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development† (Jennings, Hahn, Farrington 2014) and â€Å"Nonmainstream Body Modification: Genital Piercing, Branding, Burning, and Cutting† (Myers 1992). Jennings, Hahn, and Farrington’s article investigates the correlation between tattoos and deviant behavior. In addition, the researches ultimately want to discover if the relationship between tattoos and crime may in fact be casual, or are just another symptom of developmental risk factors and personality traits (Jennings, Hahn, Farrington 79).†¦show more content†¦Included in the study were males, females, homosexuals, heterosexuals, and bisexuals. Myers spent a vast amount of time exploring various workshops and tattoo/piercing studios observing, in terviewing, and lecturing individuals on his current study. An example of this is when Myers attended the Living in Leather Convention as he stated â€Å"I was able to expand my involvement by showing my body modification slides to several people, attending parties, and helping out at the host organization’s hospitality suite† (1992:176). Though both studies rely heavily on body modification, they differ in a couple of ways. While the first study was considered a longitudinal study, the second one was considered a quasi-experimental study. The first study was done in a period of 53 years while the second study was done in a period of 2 years. Another difference is that the first study relied on a different type of sampling than the second. The first one involved quota sampling because the researchers knew exactly who they wanted to choose for participants in their study. The second study involved both random and accidental sampling for data observation and collection. I believe that Jennings, Hahn, and Farrington’s (2014) study was less effective than Myer’s study. Though Jennings, Hahn, and Farrington’s study is the first longitudinal study to measure tattoo-crime link, there are a few limitations. Instead of using a quota sample of

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1306 Words

As outlined in Aristotle’s Poetics, tragedies are meant to follow a specific structure. In a tragedy, heroic characters often give in to their various flaws and end up dying as a consequence, resulting in an outpouring of grief from the audience. Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is often cited as a prominent example of the tragical genre, with Romeo’s crime of passion against Tybalt resulting in the complication of his relationship with Juliet, and ultimately, the duo’s demise. However, despite its status, Romeo and Juliet contains a number of elements that lend themselves more to comedy than tragedy and result in a play with a much more comedic slant than it would appear to have at first glance. It is through the playful character of†¦show more content†¦Only a short time later, Mercutio continues: â€Å"O Romeo, that she were, O that she were / An open-arse and thou a popp’ring pear!† (2.1.37-38). While appearing to be just an a postrophe at first, given the fact that the scene in question takes place within a forest, the aside takes on a completely different meaning when it is explained that a â€Å"popp’ring pear† is a euphemistic phrase created by Shakespeare and that Mercutio instead is making a sly remark about Rosaline’s anus. This sort of discourse very easily shows how Romeo and Juliet contains more comedic elements, with Mercutio’s demeanor adding a certain degree of mischievous, distinctly upbeat individuality to the tragedy. To further expand upon this point: In Poetics, Aristotle mentions that â€Å"†¦Tragedy [aims to represent men] as better than in actual life† (2); however, characters in the play are, more often than not, left scandalized by things Mercutio says, or end up having conversations with him that do not serve any greater purpose than to emphasize the whimsicalness of his character. For instance, in act 1, scene 4, Mercutio recites a lengthy monologue about dreams, to which Romeo responds: â€Å"Peace, peace, Mercutio, peace! / Thou talk’st of nothing† (1.4.95-96). When Mercutio describes Tybalt to Benvolio in act 2, scene 4, Mercutio describes him very

Bibliography A Welsh Folk Museum

Question: Describe about the Bibliography for A Welsh Folk Museum? Answer: Castel Veechio Museum: Themes and Issues: - Project Castel vecchio Museum Location- Verona, Italy Architect - Restoration by Carlo Scarpa Built - 1958-64 Castel vecchio Museum is a museum in Verona, northern Italy, situated at the eponymous medieval castle. Restoration by the architect Carlo Scarpa, between 1959 and 1973, has enhanced the appearance of the building and exhibits. Scarpa's unique architectural style is perceptible in the details for doorways, staircases, furnishings, and even fixtures designed to hold a specific piece of artwork. The museum displays a collection of sculpture, statues, paintings, ancient weapons, ceramics, gold works, miniatures and some old bells. The castle vecchio museum is just not a simple restored building with arts work in it. Its an assembly with everything worked out. This museum is included in Verona card and without that card it costs 6 EUR for its visiting which is assumed to be a fair price according to the numbers and quality of the artwork exhibited. The most important thing about this museum is its architecture. When seen from the top of one of the rowers the Verona can be seen easily. The questions which I will be addressing are- How architected the building of Castle vecchio museum. Which type of architecture technology is used by the architecture? Why the architect choose this museum for restoration. Why this museum is so important. The importance of castle vecchio museum is that this is a very old building built in the 14th century and that time it used as barracks during the wars and after that the famous architect Carlo Scarpa restored and redesigned this building and this became a museum for science. This is the largest museum in Italy as this has a variety of sculptures, frescos and paintings and most of these artworks are religious or spiritual theme. Dissertation outline: - Themes and issues about castle vecchio museum. Addressing questions. Importance of the castle vecchio museum. Dissertation outline. Executive summary. Visual material. Carlo scarpa done the work of restoration of the castle vecchio museum which was earlier a war barrack made in 14th century. The every part of this museum is designed and architected by the famous architect Carlo scarpa it is done during the period of 1958 to 1974. Rooms of this museum are disposed as in any other museum, but the windows, the lamps and the stands for artworks have been all conceived by the genius of Carlo Scarpa. The floor is never linked in a straight line to the wall, as not to disturb, as leaving a space in the case the wall would like to move around or we, with our imagination, could not keep stable the walls. The arches act like filters, from one room to the other. We notice that the main beam divides the roofing into two pieces and seems to indicate us the path to follow. The way goes on throughout the exhibition without hitches, leaving us often speechless, guiding us onto the top of the surrounding walls, in a succession of spaces designed with masterly care. Image: Inner architecture of the museum The bells of the museum are designed to put alongside of the staircase in such a way that they seems like as they are perfectly positioned. Image: Bells of the castle vecchio museum By going to the sculpture of Can Grande della Scala and to the other art pieces exposed outside. We take the only possible way. It is 30 meters long and, in this space, we go on looking all around, keeping silence. While we are getting to the entrance, we perceive that something is changing, as if we are going higher. This sensation is due to the vegetation that lowers while we are moving on. Iron beams are provided by the Carlo scarpa in order to support the roof structure. The beam is a double structured and a single piece is also mounted on the upper side of these double structured beams in order to evenly distribute and lessen the load on every beam. Image: Beams of castle vecchio museum Element, material or facade came close up to or occupied with another, there required to be a retort, a thicken or tapering, or solidifying, a texture change or smoothing, an understanding of which constituent is in the superiority. The stairs are designed in such a way that there should be always a dim sunlight in order for proper visualization of the stairs. Thats why the Carlo Scarpa attached a holed window like pattern at the end of stairs. The stairs are made of red sandstone on the surface and black stone commonly known as granite on the side surfaces, For the purpose of better outfit and looking and polishing. Image: Stairs of castle vecchio museum The doors of castle vecchio museum made in such a way that they consist of double gates at each and every gate among them one is made of glass and the other is made of wood with rectangular blank holes provided in it. The gates are designed by keeping in mind the requirements of both better looking as well as security of the museum. Because of security purpose the wooden gates are provided with a high thickness level. Image: Gates of castle Vecchio museum The design was continually aiming to create a private experience between the viewer and the object, where the object is offered up as if in an outstretched hand, to facilitate a very personal interaction. We can see this in his earlier work at the Gallerie dellAccademia in Venice, where he experimented with alternatives to the wall and the plinth and first introduced the beautifully detailed display easel. Scarpa was constantly reinforcing the importance of the object in the way he displayed it, maximizing its own intrinsic worth from the fixtures supporting the objects to the contrasting colored felts adjacent some of the paintings. Each work of art is displayed with fine distinction and sensitivity. In the ground-floor sculpture galleries he formed a five-room enfilade, drawing visitors through each aperture with the use of large, thick, textured slabs of stone that clad the archways to create a more human scale to the dimensions of the passageway, matched to the spring line of the arches. As you walk through towards the first gallery from the museum entrance, you step onto a small hollow ramp that is rather like a drawbridge, a contrasting element to a raised solid gallery floor. Everything is considered. In each of the somewhat asymmetric galleries, he has pulled the floor away from the obstruction to set up his own geometrical lattice and used irregular bands of concrete and stone, set at various widths to suit the displays. As horizontals, running across the gallery floor, they purposely slow you down on your way through, and set up a fresh controlled dynamic for the objects to function within. Sometimes Carlo Scarpa worked with the floor banding in the design of the displays, sometimes across them. At the walls, he carefully wrapped the stone edge of the new layer of floor into the recessed channel as if to embed it, so that it didnt appear as if the new surface had just been dropped in randomly. The sacellum, which protrudes from slightly inside the gallery into the courtyard, shows the depth of thinking behind the design. It clearly reads as a new intervention and feels like stepping into a polished plaster box, with rich red floor covering used to suit the more cherished dimensions of the space. The display of each object is meticulously considered. The leg of the nearest present cabinet, for example, is not allowed to come down arbitrarily onto the floor, but instead Scarpa positioned it so that it suited the section of the floor and was clearly part of the new layer of involvement he was creating at Castel vecchio museum. Visual material: - Image: castle vecchio museum outer look Image: View from top side of castle vecchio museum Image: Inner beam supporting and stair visualization References: - A welsh folk museum: st. Fagans castle In-text: (A Welsh Folk Museum: St. Fagans Castle, 1946) Bibliography: A Welsh Folk Museum: St. Fagans Castle. (1946). Nature, 158(4022), pp.783-784. ALEXANDER, C. An Attic Relief from Lowther Castle In-text: (Alexander, 1949) Bibliography: Alexander, C. (1949). An Attic Relief from Lowther Castle. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 7(6), p.162. BERGSTRM, C. M. Skokloster Castle - one of the worlds foremost Baroque museums In-text: (Bergstrm, 2001) Bibliography: Bergstrm, C. (2001). Skokloster Castle - one of the worlds foremost Baroque museums. Museum International, 53(2), pp.36-40. BRUCE-MITFORD, R. L. S. The Castle Eden Vase In-text: (Bruce-Mitford, 1941) Bibliography: Bruce-Mitford, R. (1941). The Castle Eden Vase. The British Museum Quarterly, 15, p.73. BRUNO, A. Rivoli - a castle for contemporary art In-text: (Bruno, 1986) Bibliography: Bruno, A. (1986). Rivoli - a castle for contemporary art. Museum International, 38(1), pp.4-8. CARTER, J., CASTLE, C. AND SOREN, B. Taking stock: museum studies and museum practices in Canada In-text: (Carter, Castle and Soren, 2011) Bibliography: Carter, J., Castle, C. and Soren, B. (2011). Taking stock: museum studies and museum practices in Canada. Museum Management and Curatorship, 26(5), pp.415-420. CASTLE, M. Blending Pedagogy and Content: A New Curriculum for Museum Teachers In-text: (Castle, 2006) Bibliography: Castle, M. (2006). Blending Pedagogy and Content: A New Curriculum for Museum Teachers. Journal of Museum Education, 31(2), pp.123-132. FLOWER, R. The Wyatts of Allington Castle In-text: (Flower, 1935) Bibliography: Flower, R. (1935). The Wyatts of Allington Castle. The British Museum Quarterly, 9(4), p.117. GRABOWSKA, J. The exhibition of amber in the Malbork Castle Museum In-text: (Grabowska, 1966) Bibliography: Grabowska, J. (1966). The exhibition of amber in the Malbork Castle Museum. Museum International, 19(2), pp.125-128. HISTORICAL MUSEUM IN CAPE COAST CASTLE In-text: (Historical Museum in Cape Coast Castle, 1971) Bibliography: Historical Museum in Cape Coast Castle. (1971). Africa, 41(02), p.160. IOANNIDES, M. Progress in cultural heritage preservation In-text: (Ioannides, 2012) Bibliography: Ioannides, M. (2012). Progress in cultural heritage preservation. Heidelberg: Springer. KRAUEL, J. AND OCKRASSA, A. New concepts in renovating In-text: (Krauel and Ockrassa, 2005) Bibliography: Krauel, J. and Ockrassa, A. (2005). New concepts in renovating. Singapore: Page One. KRCALOV, J. The Prague Castle Picture Gallery In-text: (Krcalov, 1966) Bibliography: Krcalov, J. (1966). The Prague Castle Picture Gallery. Museum International, 19(1), pp.31-38. MCLAUGHLIN, C. Rethinking Visual Anthropology:Rethinking Visual Anthropology In-text: (Mclaughlin, 1999) Bibliography: Mclaughlin, C. (1999). Rethinking Visual Anthropology:Rethinking Visual Anthropology. Museum Anthropology, 22(3), pp.71-73.

The Creation Of The Universe The Earth free essay sample

The Creation Of The Universe, The Earth, And Human Beings Essay, Research Paper In the beginning at that place was merely darkness. For many 1000000s of old ages this darkness remained. There were no stars, no Sun, and no Earth. But one twenty-four hours something really particular happened. The darkness created visible radiation. It was a really little sum of visible radiation but it was merely plenty. The light became the hubby of the dark. After a long while both the visible radiation and the dark became world-weary. The light began to diss the dark and the light replied with every bit rough insults. # 8221 ; You are non every bit beautiful as I! # 8221 ; said the light. # 8221 ; Ha! You are much uglier than I! # 8221 ; said the dark.Eventually they began to contend. None could prevail over the other, nevertheless, because they both were equal in power. Dark had a small spot more strength but visible radiation had a small spot more craft. We will write a custom essay sample on The Creation Of The Universe The Earth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They continued to contend for a really long clip until one twenty-four hours the visible radiation was tired and she called to the dark. # 8221 ; We must make existences that will give more significance to our lives for we must populate together for eternity. # 8221 ; The dark agreed and so it was settled. They would gestate two new existences. One would be female the other would be male and the two siblings would be fertile and give birth to the existence. The light gave birth to a God, the first God, and his name was Thrakath. He was the Godhead of the existence and the boy of the visible radiation and the dark. The visible radiation besides gave birth to Tria and she was the Godhead of the existence, the girl of the visible radiation and the dark and the married woman of Thrakath.Both Thrakath and Tria lived together within the light and dark for a long clip making the existence within their heads. After they had finished believing they decided to implement their programs. Firs t they created the stars. There were many stars throughout the existence and both Thrakath and Tria were pleased. But the stars finally became troublesome so they decided to make the sun.The Sun became the male monarch of the existence and he was really brilliantly so he could be seen from far and broad. The stars feared him and so once more began to act in an appropriate manner. He besides was really hot and warmed the one time cold existence so that life would be possible.Then, Thrakath and Tria decided to do planets. They made eight planets, one every month for eight months. These planets were much smaller than the stars and they worshipped the Sun and revolved around him. They waited three more months until they created the 9th planet. This planet they named Earth and decided to do her particular. The other planets became covetous but the of all time present Sun discouraged them from exposing unrest.The Earth became highly weary of her life so Thrakath and Tria gave her a friend who would be her ageless comrade named Moon. Moon and Earth became good friends and they stayed together. Thrakath and Tria were really pleased with what they had created but they were non rather finished.They were tired of creating, however, and so they created an earth-god name Terra who would develop and populate the earth. Terra wasted no time in getting to work. First he created water and then he created land. When he had finished he thought to himself how very beautiful Earth was and he was also pleased. Then he reached into his pockets and took out some seeds. Terra proceeded to plant these seeds in the land. They were all different types of seeds and from them sprang many different trees. Some bared fruit and others didn’t.Terra thought to himself that the plants were nice but were not interesting enough so he planted special seeds that would grow into animals. Only two of each type of animals were created but they mated and reproduced and populated the earth. He then thought to himself that the animals were interesting but were not very smart. He wanted to create individuals who, like himself, could also create. So after much thought, he created people.The people were ve ry smart. They learned much by just observing the environment around them. They used the plants to create tools and shelter for themselves. They also used plants for food. They killed some of the animals and used them for clothing and also for food. Terra was ecstatic at what he had created and bragged about the people to Thrakath and Tria who were interested.For many hundreds of years the people were good, taking only what they needed from the earth and obeying the wishes of Terra, the earth-god. They always remembered to worship him for they owed him much. The people loved Terra and each other and were happy. They reproduced and soon populated the earth along with the animals.But then humans started to do bad things. They began to kill each other, waste the food, and disobey Terra. They no longer worshipped him and many forgot him altogether. The people thought that they could live well without respecting the earth-god. Terra the earth-god became very displeased and so he created a great and terrible monster to deal with the people. The monster was named Dragga and he was a violent and terrifying beast. He swept down upon the earth with great fury and devoured as many people as his immense belly could hold. Those that he could not eat he grabbed with his enormous claws and snapped in half.The people were horrified and called out to Terra to have mercy and save them. Terra heard their cries and had pity for them so he created a great earth warrior named Hercles to slay the beast. Hercles had superhuman strength and possessed a sharp, double-edged sword. He travelled many miles to find Dragga and when he found the monster he immediately slayed him. The people were grateful to Terra for sending them such a fearless warrior to slay Dragga and made Hercles their King. With Hercles as their king, the people of the earth once again became prosperous and the world was returned to order.

The True Greatness Of Abraham Lincoln Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The True Greatness of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln is known as one of the greatest presidents in the history of The United States, chiefly for his emancipation of slaves. But was Lincoln truly an advocator of the rights of inkinesss? Lincoln had the purpose of continuing the Union and fulfilling the American people, yet he was indecisive about his racial positions of mid-nineteenth century America. Although Lincoln freed some slaves, he had a really negative position towards the black race. Lincoln was non a great president because he emancipated the slaves, but a great president because he preserved The Union. Lincoln was indecisive on the issue of bondage. He did non desire to get rid of the full establishment of bondage but he besides did non desire it to distribute. He believed that bondage was a moral incorrect and stated this when he spoke in forepart of emancipationists in Chicago stating # 8220 ; Let us fling all this quibbling about this adult male and the other adult male, this race and that race and the other race being inferior, and hence they must be placed in an inferior place. We will write a custom essay sample on The True Greatness Of Abraham Lincoln Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Let us fling all these things, and unite as one people throughout this land, until we shall one time more stand up declaring that all me are created equal. # 8221 ; But he besides felt that emancipationists were besides incorrect in seeking to make away with bondage. Hofstader provinces that Lincoln believed that # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the establishment of bondage is founded on unfairness and bad policy, but that the announcement of abolishment philosophies tends to increase instead than slake its evils. # 8221 ; This means that Lincoln thought that bondage was incorrect but suggesting to make away with it is besides incorrect because it makes slavery worse. Lincoln besides believed that bondage was incorrect because it might jeopardize the on the job category. Lincoln believed that every individual, no affair how hapless, had a opportunity to win in life. He thought that the enlargement of bondage would jeopardize this. His ideas are shown when he says # 8220 ; # 8230 ; One of the grounds why I am opposed to slavery is merely here. What is the true status of the labourer? I take it that it is best for all to go forth each adult male free to get belongings as fast as he can. Some will acquire affluent. I don ; *t believe in a jurisprudence to forestall a adult male from acquiring rich ; it would make more injury than good. So while we do no suggest any war upon capital, we do wish to let the humblest adult male an equal opportunity to acquire rich with everybody else. When on starts hapless, as most do in the race of life, free society is such that he knows he can break his status ; he knows that there is no fixed status of labour for his whole life # 8230 ; That is the true system. † Lincoln was foremost and foremost a politician. After giving an anti-slavery address to emancipationists in Chicago a few months before, Lincoln reversed his place on bondage and argued for the right of the establishment of bondage to be. Lincoln showed his beliefs on the lower status of the black race in his address to Southern break ones back holders in Charleston. # 8220 ; I will state, so, that I am non, nor of all time have been, in favour of conveying about in any manner the societal and political equality of the white and black races: that I am non, nor of all time have been, in favour of doing electors or jurymans of Negroes, nor of measure uping them to keep office, nor to intermarry with white people # 8230 ; And inasmuch as they can non so unrecorded, wile they do stay together there must be the place of superior and inferior, and I every bit much as any other adult male am in favour of holding the superior place assigned to the white race. # 8221 ; Many people believe that Lincoln fought The Civil War to liberate the slaves but that is far from true. In fact, Lincoln himself stated that # 8220 ; My paramount object in this battle is to salvage the Union, and it is non either to salvage or destruct bondage. If I could salvage the Union without any slaves, I would make it, if I could salvage it by liberating all the slaves I would make it ; and if I could salvage it by liberating some and go forthing others entirely I would besides make that. # 8221 ; Lincoln demonstrated this belief during The Civil War. In the beginning of the war, Lincoln avoided the bondage issue because # 8220 ; He did non desire to lose the support of the war attempt that existed among Unionist slave holders in the boundary line provinces and antiblack citizens elsewhere in the North. # 8221 ; But as the war went on, Lincoln knew that the North needed a cause worthy of the forfeits the war required. The Emancipation Proclamation provided Lincoln with th e cause that he needed. This is the true ground Lincoln freed the slaves. In decision, Abraham Lincoln was a great adult male non for his beliefs on bondage but for continuing The Union. Lincoln did non keep a strong position on bondage and hence should non be known for his determinations on bondage. If Lincoln was non president during The Civil War, he might non hold been viewed and honored as one of the greatest presidents in American History. Bibliography Blum, John M. The National Experience A History of The United States New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1963. Hofstadter, Richard The American Political Experience And The Work force Who Made It New York: Vintage Books, 1948 Neely, Mark The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia New York: McGraw Publications, 1982

Prime Minister of Canada - Role and Duties

Prime Minister of Canada - Role and Duties The prime minister is the head of government in Canada. The Canadian prime minister is usually the leader of the political party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons in a general election. The prime minister may lead a majority government or a minority government. Although the role of prime minister in Canada is not defined by any law or constitutional document, it is the most powerful role in Canadian politics. Head of Government The prime minister of Canada is head of the executive branch of the Canadian federal government. The Canadian prime minister provides leadership and direction to the government with the support of a cabinet, which the prime minister chooses, the prime ministers office (PMO) of political staff, and the privy council office (PCO) of non-partisan public servants who provide a focal point for the Canadian public service. Cabinet Chair The cabinet is a key decision-making forum in the Canadian government. The Canadian prime minister decides on the size of the cabinet and selects cabinet ministers- usually members of parliament and sometimes a senator- and assigns their department responsibilities and portfolios. In selecting the members of the cabinet, the prime minister tries to balance Canadian regional interests, ensures an appropriate mix of anglophones and francophones, and makes sure that women and ethnic minorities are represented. The prime minister chairs cabinet meetings and controls the agenda. Party Leader Since the source of power of the prime minister in Canada is as leader of a federal political party, the prime minister must always be sensitive to the national and regional executives of their party as well as to the grassroots supporters of the party. As party leader, the prime minister must be able to explain party policies and programs  and be able to put them into action. In elections in Canada, voters increasingly define the policies of a political party by their perceptions of the party leader, so the prime minister must continuously attempt to appeal to a large number of voters. Political appointments- such as senators, judges, ambassadors, commission members and crown corporation executives- are often used by Canadian prime ministers to reward the party faithful. Role in Parliament The prime minister and cabinet members have seats in Parliament (with occasional exceptions) and lead and direct Parliaments activities and its legislative agenda. The prime minister in Canada must retain the confidence of the majority of the members in the House of Commons or resign and seek a dissolution of Parliament to have the conflict resolved by an election. Due to time constraints, the prime minister participates in only the most important debates in the House of Commons, such as the debate on the Speech from the Throne and debates on contentious legislation. However, the prime minister does defend the government and its policies in the daily Question Period in the House of Commons. The Canadian prime minister must also fulfill their responsibilities as a member of Parliament in representing the constituents in their riding, or electoral district.

Summertime Dues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summertime Dues - Essay Example text is narrative since it captures the interest of the reader while focusing on the central theme of the character that students adopt during summer jobs. In addition, Kirn’s text takes the form of an expository text since it informs the reader about summer jobs and the lessons drawn from most of these jobs (Cooper et al. 146). The main theme of Kirn’s text has a basis on the character that students espouse during summer jobs. In this case, Kirn noted students who failed to work during the summer and choose other pursuits found themselves disadvantaged since they failed to learn some traits in modern day work although some of these traits may be mainly negative (364). In this case, Kirn is of the view that these characters developed during summer jobs are crucial in future jobs. Conversely, Kirn is of the view that summer jobs are merely political schemes or entitlement programs hatched to keep unruly kids busy and away from their parents (365). Kirn’s writing style is interesting. In this regard, only a few writers are able to inform as well as hold the reader’s interest all through the text. Kirn is in the group of exceptional writer, and the most interesting part of his style is that the article is informative, and it is thought provoking. In this case, this style of writing makes the reader to beginning questioning the rationale of summer jobs. In addition, the style of writing is interesting since it evokes a feeling of the need to prepare students by teaching them ethical practices before engaging in summer jobs. While it is evident that Kirn’s article is both expository and narrative, it would have been more appropriate for Kirn to strike a balance between the uses of these text types in the article. In this regard, the article appears to be more of a narrative. In effect, Kirn failed to present more facts on summer jobs by primarily dealing with his personal experiences. However, it would have been more appropriate for Kirn to present more

Political Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Philosophy - Essay Example What the law is and what it should be are entirely different. Hence a society can also make a law that might be immoral, and a wicked organization can also institute a system of laws. Second thing that legal positivists believed was that the legal concepts are an important endeavor. Thirdly, they said that the laws are orders given by rulers that are followed by people forcefully. Hart was agreed on the first two points but he was not convinced with the third. He did not believe that a legal system is in total control of sovereign to command. According to him it was because of pressurizing of government that people do not obey laws. In the Concept of Law, Hart has argued that compliance of law is impossible when imposed forcefully on public. Hart took a legal system as a union of primary and secondary rules and not as a compilation of individual laws. He has defined primary rules as the rules which imply a force on a citizen on his deeds, that is, what he can and can not do. He said that secondary rules define specifics of the primary rules.

Discussion feedback Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion feedback - Assignment Example They are directly responsible for meeting the development schedules according to the need and demand of the design and technical specifications. A technical leader should possess the three basic KSAs that include technical independence, technology influence and technology initiative. Many people and experts feel that there is a strong link and dependency between science and technology. It is arguable that one can exist without the other. Explain in detail and provide your perspective with practical examples of why you feel there is or is not a connection between science and technology. Ans. Science and technology are evolving rapidly. They are developing new revolutions between different inventions and technological designs. Usually, the solution to one’s technological problem is found in the invention of other. Science and technology are interdependent on one another. Discovery in one field promotes and explores new ways and techniques in another field. There are a number of factors and precautions that need to be considered when developing and introducing new technologies to the marketplace. This is especially the case when this could be a technology without a known history. One specific consideration is around ethics such as the impact on people and the environment. What are some common ethical challenges, issues and dilemmas encountered when creating and commercializing a new technology? Describe in detail and provide an example of each type (challenges, issues and dilemmas) for both the development and introduction process. Ans. Different ethical challenges arise when a new technology is created and commercialized. Some of the issues or ethical dilemmas revolve around financial development and fulfilling the short/long term goals. All around the world issue of privacy has been the greatest ethical dilemma for healthcare sector to maintain the privacy of the patient and his family in a

Building Maintenance Review for University

Building Maintenance Review for University Strategy As Plymouth University strives to distinguish its legacy through excellence in facility offerings, the maintenance of such structures becomes an essential part of the strategy. Refurbishment has already been undertaken across the campus in the past five years, as major additions and facelifts have offered dimension and expanded capabilities for an expanding student and faculty body. Ultimately in the preservation of this legacy, a proactive revision to campus maintenance is needed, one which will ensure that the lifecycle costs of the multiple structures are limited and appropriate. Reactionary maintenance programmes dramatically detract from such principles; therefore, by following the programmed outlined herein, officials will effectively navigate the broad spectrum of repair and maintenance projects which will develop in the coming decades. Exemplary of campus revisions in the past several years, perhaps the most noticeable addition has been that of the Roland Levinsky building. A remarkable new structure boasting 12,711m2 of spatial area and housing an expanded Faculty of the Arts, this building is representative of all that the university plans for the future of the campus faà §ade and its legacy. These developments include meritorious architecture, active facility management, and long term preservation techniques as structural retention among both new and historic participants becomes an essential part of the long term process. Supplemental rehabilitations and expansions have included the Rolle Building development and the Nacy Astor building programme. A combined total area of over 11,000 m2, these two structures represent a campus evolution which retains history while at the same time, boasts a progressive vision. Incorporating new student housing and offers substantial revisions to common areas, sports facilities, and office space, the maintenance of such facilities will become a pivotal role in the university reputation for quality and consistency. To define appropriate and effective maintenance strategies, it become essential to identify the structural frailties which will be encountered over the coming years. A case study conducted of homes in the Midlands area determined that the predominant cause of structural deterioration is underground movement and shifting, while material defects and superstructure decay fill in the remaining sources.[1] Recognising that such variables are essential to maintenance of a building’s lifecycle directs the maintenance programme towards structural components, specifically those of the super and substructures and their material integrity. In considering that maintaining only such areas would not fully integrate the much broader aesthetic and range of functional components within university buildings, there are other factors which must be considered as well. Similar surveys and studies have identified inadequacy defects within the structure itself which stem from roofing failure (42.9%), walls and column deficiencies (21.2%), lintel failure (18.5), and beam and joist overloading (17.5%).[2] These components broaden the scope of maintenance operations; however, recognition of their frailties and the potential for system-wide failure given component collapse enables maintenance crews to seriously consider structural deviance and proactively reform and refurbish according to the prescribed strategy. Determining which areas will offer the greatest challenge and thereby warrant the most attention becomes a more difficult task. Material defects are also of considerable concern when designing a maintenance programme, as deterioration stemming from biological, chemical, and physical attack can substantially reduce the longevity of a structure and dramatically increase long term maintenance costs.[3] Understanding that while new structures may incorporate the most advanced materials and construction techniques, recognition of material failure, could highlight additional system deviance such as elemental concerns that undermine functional operation of the building. Similarly, within historic campus structures, the potential for material deterioration is substantially higher, detracting from longevity and reducing functionality without proactive initiatives. Perhaps the most substantial concern given the prevalence of inclement weather, identifying key seepage points and wet areas will assist maintenance crews in stopping problems before they increase in both cost and severity. The maintenance cost of wet areas within a building’s substructure can extract between 35 and 50% of a building’s annual maintenance cost, in spite of their limited area occupation (10% in most cases).[4] Within the structural elements which are contained in wet areas, studies have demonstrated that there are three main causes of system failure, highlighting water leakages, corrosion of pipes, and the spalling of concrete as substantial modes of foundation decay.[5] From this perspective, regular maintenance and constant evaluation of wet area structures will also be an essential part of the maintenance programme. The team involved in such initiatives must be one of substantial talent, including abilities directly related to those concerns which will most occupy their time, including routine building maintenance, minor construction, repair, and general upkeep. An in-house team whose number is dictated by the scope of the short term maintenance programme should be able to assume the role of daily operator in terms of duties such as light bulb replacement, leak management in pipe couplings, plumbing blockage, door hinge failure, minor boiler issues, tap washer changes, sign erection, and a host of other duties. Along these lines, internal team members must be coached in awareness faculties, ensuring that they can recognise and act when presented with system frailties or structural deviance. Such identification should include slipped tiling, dampness and wet areas, unnatural ageing, rot or mould, cracking, discolouration, and many other signs that the integrity of each building is being negativel y affected by some element. These in house participants should also be versed in decoration and design principles, enabling their participation in an ongoing aesthetic awareness programme where they adjust and alter the decorum to suit university objectives. In spite of the high costs associated with emergency repairs, the best maintenance programme cannot prevent their incidence; therefore maintenance contracts must be designed to ensure cost effectiveness while at the same time encourage a rapid response time. Such partnerships should entail a specific cost basis dependent on the required task, and revolve around a long term relationship in which the maintenance contractors become familiar with the university. A twenty-four hour guideline should be in place for response rates; however, given a major system failure such as a boiler break or plumbing backup, emergency teams must be immediately available. The maintenance programme will entail a rotation of short, medium, and long term tasks, each assigned to either an in-house participant or contracted to an external maintenance team. As these responsibilities happen at regular intervals, long term contracts can remain in place on a specific rotation to ensure that participants are acting proactively and in accordance with the programme needs, not reaction based hiring. Teams should be qualified according to skill set and appropriateness for the stage of the maintenance programme, ensuring that contractor responsibilities do not exceed their scope of normal operation. As structural and systematic problems are identified during the regular review periods and daily operations, maintenance teams must recognise the severity of the damage or wear on the structure and inform a supervisory team of their findings. From this control position, the team will either instruct on internal repair or will hire out the duty to an outside firm. Managin g costs through the maintenance chain will ensure that the university meets their long term cost objectives and yet remains active in the scope of their building maintenance. Maintenance Policy Review To develop an effective maintenance programme, the university must adopt a perspective of preventative maintenance, one which while often perceived as costly in the short term, will dramatically reduce the systematic failure in the long term. Holmes and Droop (1982) recognised that periodic maintenance is most often directed according to budget instead of aligning with the needs of the building in question.[6] As university expenditure expectations are oftentimes maligned with real working scenarios, the determination of a predictive budget and maintenance policy will enable referral and discussion to be directed towards a proactive scenario. The reality is that instead of developing a systematic maintenance framework, decision makers will often choose to weigh budgeting concerns against the severity of the needed service prior to attempting any form of work.[7] Maintenance of a university campus is not about severity or reactionist tendencies. Instead, the maintenance of school faci lities must be directed towards a long term focus of preservation and conservation, ensuring that sustainability is an ultimate objective. The following charts detail the short, medium, and long term focus through which maintenance projects will directly reduce the overall cost basis for renovation and repair over the life of school structures. The representative building is the Reynolds Building, although this plan could be repositioned for any of the many structures on campus with minimal adjustment. In spite of the fact that the costing data is only a general estimate, it places into perspective just how overwhelming major projects can be. Therefore, following a set maintenance plan and integrating professional labour to ensure its validity will enable the university to reduce costs and adequately maintain their diverse structural offering. It should be noted that all three sections contain a complete interior and exterior survey during which any potential problems are identified long before they become emergency repairs. Such analyses should be performed by a licensed surveyor and entail differing levels of comprehensiveness according to the length of time in between reviews. This process is essential to the preventative maintenance scheme of the university, as in spite of other review, the educated perspective of the surveyor could catch concerns before they escalate into much larger challenges. The relatively low cost of this process would be escalated if problems were found; however, the overall long term savings due to a proactive methodology is substantial Short Term Costs The following chart details the short term maintenance costs which will enhance the overall operations of university buildings while at the same time ensure that major systems are checked and repaired prior to major collapse. For the purpose of this plan, short term can be considered a one to two year variable in which the repetition of action is essential to preventative techniques. Each of these segments will not individually contribute to costly renovations; however, when considered as a unit, the cost basis for rehabilitating a distressed structure would be substantial and should be avoided at all costs. Primary Systems Maintenance To begin to exploit the systems which most influence the structural security and stability of a building, a composite of form and function must be evaluated and long term costs prohibited. The key systems within the university building structures include heating and cooling systems, gutters and down pipes and fire protection tools. Aligning these systems around a schedule of regular repair will elongate the life of these instrumental participants and ensure that building stability is upheld. The consideration within this model for gutters and down pipes as essential modes of preservation is directly due to the nature of groundwater seepage and runoff. In order to ensure a long lifecycle for each structure, the water diversion systems must be intimately linked to a maintenance schedule. By cleaning on a 6 month frequency, maintenance technicians are ensuring that any foreign debris that might have filled those units, particularly during the Autumn season, is removed prior to more wet and rain-filled weather. Secondly, ensuring that heating and cooling systems operate at maximum efficiency over their lifecycle assists the university budget on many levels. First and foremost, efficiency measures reduce the overall energy costs associated with maintaining an appropriate temperature within the structure. As global concern regarding energy usage continues to overwhelm headlines and Parliamentary initiatives, complying with social and political expectations places the university at the forefront of ‘green’ supporters. Alternately, when considering the costs of unit replacement in comparison with the minor costs of unit overhaul and monitoring, the potential for unforeseen budgeting problems is very prevalent. Through preventative maintenance on these units which includes a cleaning of the ducts and system components in addition to oiling the motor and replacing belts, the university will ensure that systems operate at extreme efficiency. This maintenance should be done in accordan ce with season frequencies, including the Winter and Summer seasons during which units will be taxed to their maximum capacity. Secondary Systems Maintenance Within the scope of this maintenance schedule, there are other systems which are essential for appropriate functioning of building operations as well as those, that if not well maintained, can cause higher long term costs for the university. Lighting, weather proofing, and drainage are all within this category, and although their functions can easily be considered a primary concern to daily campus life, their long term impact on the university budget is limited in the scope of material costs and lifecycle. Lighting replacement and repair is an essential step to ensuring that daily operations are performed in an attractive and well supplied environment, encouraging patrons to continue their use of university facilities. When replacing bulbs within a regular cycle, maintenance crews are identifying any faults within the lighting system which could turn into critical electrical failure at a later date. Similarly, the replacement of bulbs enables the most efficient and environmentally friendly units to be placed into rotation at regular intervals. This expected maintenance will need to be altered according to technological advances and lifecycle. Within the whole life cost cycle of a structure, the potential for inclement weather and more importantly, the failure of structural systems to prevent penetration by this weather, can dramatically reduce the longevity and efficiency of a building. Therefore, checking the weather stripping and ensuring that all door and window seals function appropriately ensures that time sensitive erosion and wear on the structure does not occur. This maintenance also ensures that the crew evaluates a variety of key entry and exit points for rodent or insect incursions and eliminates the potential for such future problems. Finally, within the secondary modes of short term maintenance, drainage systems are an oft ignored reactive form of maintenance which, when properly maintained, can substantially contribute to structure longevity and limit the propensity for future problems. Ensuring that the proper flow of waste waters away from the building is regular and consistent eliminates the costly reactive calls to plumbing contractors after emergency situations have dictated refurbishment. Similarly, proactive evaluation of this system offers plumbers the opportunity to note any potential cracks, fissures, or weak points within the piping system and ensure that all drive mechanisms are appropriately synced for efficient operation. Short Term Maintenance Item Description Frequency Additional Equipment Anticip. Cost Notes Gutters Cleaning and debris removal 6 Months (After Autumn/Spring) Scaffolding  £270.00 Price Includes Scaffolding Down Pipes Cleaning and debris removal 6 Months (After Autumn/Spring) Scaffolding Included in Gutter Cost Price Includes Scaffolding Fire Equipment System evaluation, recharge, and certification 3 Months (Seasonal) Replacement Extingusihers  £180.00 Price includes system certification Heating System System evaluation, vent cleaning and tubing refurbish (As Needed) 6 Months (Prior to Winter and After Summer) Ladder, Replacement Parts  £240.00 Price includes cleaning Fire/Smoke Alarms Check batteries, test function, and replace if needed 3 Months (Seasonal) Replacement alarm  £115.00 Indicates replacement Cooling System System Evaluation, recharge, system cleaning (6 Months Prior to Summer and After Winter) Ladder, Replacement Parts  £310.00 Includes Recharge Lighting Light bulb replacement, system overhaul as needed Monthly as Needed, 6 months for major systems Ladder, Replacement Bulbs, Replacement Housing  £85.00 Includes Replacement of bulbs at 6 month interval Weather proofing Reapply stripping to interior and exterior door and window seals Anuual (Prior to Winter) Weather Stripping, Sealant  £110.00 Includes replacement throughout building Windows Cleaned, debris removed, function certified 3 Months (Seasonal) Ladder, Scaffolding  £270.00 Includes Cleaning and scaffolding rental Drainage Analysis All drains inspected for free flow action and plumbing repaired as needed Annual (Prior to Summer) Snaking system, chemical unblock system  £320.00 Includes Cleaning of problem areas Interior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of interior Annual (Prior to Spring) Ladder  £180.00 Full inspection Exterior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of exterior (Includes ground variance and nearby incidences) Annual (After Autum) Ladder  £180.00 Full inspection TOTAL ANNUAL COST  £2,260.00 Medium Term The medium term responsibilities offer an ideal time frame for replacement and refurbishment that includes more substantial, and generally, more costly repairs than those attempted in the short term. The expectation remains that any problem which arises during routine inspections must be dealt with according to the needs of the university, not the maintenance schedule or proposed budget. Through adherence to this strategy throughout the whole life costing of the structure, quality will be maintained and the overall lifecycle costs will be reduced. Primary Systems Maintenance The primary systems evaluated during the medium term are directly related to the essential operations of the structure, including those systems which can debilitate and detract from the consistent workings of the building, including the boiler, the electrical system, and the gutter system. Recognising that the replacement of these systems at the medium term interval will substantially improve cost savings over emergency repair and expensive maintenance projects is a priority for committee members. The boiler replacement is most likely one of the most expensive, but most rewarding measures to be taken at the medium term interval. Given that the average life-span of a boiler could potentially last longer than the ten year period listed here, the maintenance team must be able to recognise the characteristics of a well-functioning or suffering unit and offer advice regarding its condition during standard evaluations before and after this period. Replacement is highly recommended at the ten year mark because this essential systems component could substantially increase costs of a disaster repair in the event of its failure. Analysis of the electrical system will be included within the survey report conducted at the short-term intervals and expanded into the full spectrum 10 year evaluation in the medium term. Those systems which are deemed faulty during this period should be replaced immediately, as malfunctioning electrical systems can become an unanticipated fire hazard. Replacing the electrical system at ten year intervals ensures that the insulation efficacy is maintained and that updated wiring is installed for new technology to function properly. Finally, within the primary systems, the gutter and down pipe components become an essential mode of structural preservation, as the water transport away from the building limits the amount of erosion and decay over a lengthy period of time. At the ten year period, however, the prediction is that most of the system will have begun to demonstrate signs of wear, specifically around the hardware and jointing sections of the unit. Repair teams should undergo substantial overhaul to replace mounting brackets and pipe couplings as well as replacing any sections of the system which are cracking or developing holes due to exposure to the elements. Secondary Systems Maintenance The medium term secondary systems are represented by those that both enhance the standard operations of the structure and offer the most cost versus value refurbishment within the maintenance system. Although primary systems are deemed essential components, the high visibility of the secondary systems ensures that they are of an essential nature to the continued functioning of the structure. The building decoration, and in essence, the prescribed character of the interior structure is a maintenance project that requires substantial investment and vision. External contractors participating in the decoration revision every six years should replace drapes and visible accessories, alter furniture to match the expected period representation, and dramatically alter any additional components which add to the building aesthetics. The cost in this plan is a best case scenario cost and will have to be updated according to the broad range of needs. Aligned with redecoration, the repair and replacement of both internal and external finishes dramatically improves the user perception of the building, supporting operations and ensuring that during this activity that walls and beams are in good repair. While the costs in these sections are an estimate, paint quality must be chosen of a high enough grade to endure elements and use over the coming decade, and of a colouring that matches the prescribed decoration aesthetics of the contractors’ vision. Finally, within the medium term, updating carpet and repairing the flooring become enhancement variables which ensure both function and aesthetics are aligned throughout the building. Although the wear lifecycle of both of these systems may offer a longer term operation, by replacing these components within the medium interval sustains the overall appearance of the building as well as identifies any underfoot rot or decay which could cause substantial problems later in the building lifecycle. These costs are only estimates, and depending on the quality or installation costs, the replacement of these elements could be substantially higher. Medium Term Maintenance Item Description Frequency Additional Equipment Anticip. Cost Notes Decoration All interior and exterior decorative features cleaned or retouched as needed, application of desired new features 6 Years Added moulding and New decoration features  £1,400.00 Includes interior design revision Interior Wall Finish Paint or stain alteration throughout interior of structure 8 Years New Paint colours  £2,800.00 Includes new paint for all surfaces Exterior Wall Finish Paint or stain alteration throughout exterior of structure 8 Years New Paint colours  £3,200.00 Includes new paint for all surfaces Gutters Gutters repaired or replaced as needed 10 Years Remove and Replace hardware  £1,100.00 Includes hardware replacement and repair to system Boiler Boiler system cleaned, repaired, or replaced 10 Years New Boiler System  £2,200.00 Replacement of Boiler System Heating System System Features and couplings replaced, vent system replaced 10 Years New vent system  £2,700.00 Includes labour and cost of new venting system Flooring All Flooring examined for structural soundness and replaced as needed 7 Years New Flooring  £1,700.00 Includes New Flooring Carpeting All carpeting examined for fraying and stains and replaced as needed 7 Years Replacement Carpet  £1,400.00 Includes New Carpeting Interior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of interior 10 Years Structural Modifications  £240.00 Includes in-depth survey only Exterior Eval Full analysis of problem areas and survey of exterior (Includes ground variance and nearby incidences) 10 Years Structural Modifications  £240.00 Includes in-depth survey only Electrical Eval Explore electrical system and replace any frayed wiring or non-working areas 8 Years New Wiring system  £1,700.00 Includes cost of new wiring system Roofing Repatch Patch and fill areas demonstrating extensive wear or lack of structural stability 5 years Roofing shingles or covering  £400.00 Includes labour and new shingles Damp proofing Analyse all areas for wet seepage, fill and fix problem areas 7 Years Mastic replacement and filling  £700.00 Includes replacement of all mastic and fillings Drainage Clear Drains cleaned and pumped through ensuring proper rate of flow 4 years Pressurised Cleaning  £350.00 Complete system cleaning and pumping TOTAL MEDIUM TERM COSTS  £20,130.00 Long Term As the building lifecycle reaches the long term variables of the maintenance plan, substantial wear and repair throughout the passage of time will have altered many of the structural variables within the system. From this perspective, an according chart of timelines must be maintained to identify when particular items have been replaced prior to the lifecycle prediction. Overall, the long term costs will be substantially higher than either the short or medium term; however, the replacement of major systems offers an improved structural integrity and preserves the structure for many more decades of use. Primary Systems Maintenance As with the other timeline components,

Swimming :: essays research papers

Swimming Learning something new can be a scary experience. One of the hardest things I've ever had to do was learn how to swim. I was always afraid of the water, but I decided that swimming was an important skill that I should learn. I also thought it would be good exercise and help me to become physically stronger. What I didn't realize was that learning to swim would also make me a more confident person. New situations always make me a bit nervous, and my first swimming lesson was no exception. After I changed into my bathing suit in the locker room, I stood timidly by the side of the pool waiting for the teacher and other students to show up. After a couple of minutes the teacher came over. She smiled and introduced herself, and two more students joined us. Although they were both older than me, they didn't seem to be embarrassed about not knowing how to swim. I began to feel more at ease. We got into the pool, and the teacher had us put on brightly colored water wings to help us stay afloat. One of the other students, May, had already taken the beginning class once before, so she took a kickboard and went splashing off by herself. The other student, Jerry, and I were told to hold on to the side of the pool and shown how to kick for the breaststroke. One by one, the teacher had us hold on to a kickboard while she pulled it through the water and we kicked. Pretty soon Jerry was off doing this by himself, traveling at a fast clip across the short end of the pool. Things were not quite that easy for me, but the teacher was very patient. After a few more weeks, when I seemed to have caught on with my legs, she taught me the arm strokes. Now I had two things to concentrate on, my arms and my legs. I felt hopelessly uncoordinated. Sooner than I imagined, however, things began to feel "right" and I was able to swim! It was a wonderful free feeling - like flying, maybe - to be able to shoot across the water. Learning to swim was not easy for me, but in the end my persistence paid off.

Kitchen

Kitchen By: Banana Yoshimoto Mikage Satsuki Growing up is tough; especially when you are alone and young. It forces you to fend for yourself against the world. Instead of playing with your friends, you spend your time figuring out where your next meal is coming from. Which is a sad and scary truth; few stop to think of these poor souls that get such an unfortunate fate. In Banana Yoshimoto’s Kitchen, the character Mikage undergoes many of changes, but one thing throughout this book that does not change is her love of kitchens.Her parents passed away when she was young and her grandmother raised her. When her grandmother also passed away, she became depressed, listless, and orphaned. In the beginning of the book she is lonely, since none of her blood relatives are still alive. After she moves in with the Tanabe's, however, she finds the courage to face life again. She has a strong bond with kitchens; they seem to give her a calming feeling and help to ease her loneliness. Kitch ens serve as a comfort for her.Throughout the course of this novel Kitchen, Banana Yoshimoto depicts Mikage as a person of great morals, who loves kitchens, and is incredibly strong-willed. In this novel Mikage appears to be an individualist who keeps her morals intact; her grandparents brought her up to be an accepting, gracious person. Mikage is a person of great temperance, although she is a little touchy about her relationship with Yoichi. She is also courageous for a person who lost her entire family, and, because she doesn't want to get hurt again, she distanced herself from other people. When was it I realized that, on this truly dark and solitary path we all walk, the only way we can light is our own? † (Yoshimoto, pg. 21). Her moral stature is apparent when Yoichi tells her that Eriko is a transgender, and instead of getting upset about it, she accepted it because she feels she can trust them. Her dominant traits are her love of cooking and her love of kitchens. These traits originate when her grandmother passes away; the hum of the refrigerator keeps her from feeling lonely.So each night until she moves in with the Tanabe's she curls up beside the refrigerator in her kitchen and goes to sleep. â€Å"Why do I love everything that has to do with kitchens so much? It's strange. Perhaps because to me a kitchen represents some distant longing engraved on my soul† (Yoshimoto, pg. 56). She teaches herself to cook, the summer after her grandmother passed away, at the Tanabe's house. She buys three books and studies them, following all the directions in them.Subsequently, she becomes good at cooking and gets the job she has now as an assistant to a famous cooking teacher. Mikage is more of a rational person who knows her limits. At times, she can be emotional, but overall she thinks well on her feet and is a capable person. â€Å"However! I couldn't exist like that. Reality is wonderful. I thought of the money my grandmother had left me-just eno ugh. The place was too big, too expensive, for one person. I had to look for another apartment† (Yoshimoto, pg. 5). Mikage handles change well; she might not like some things but she gets through them.For instance, her grandmother’s death was a great tragedy, but she got through it rationally, and she adapted very well to the Tanabe's and their kindness. The author wants readers to know how tough Mikage is. She has had a rough go at life, but she still manages to stay strong; reading about her really appeals to the reader’s sympathetic side. Mikage appears to be a nice girl who has just been unlucky lately. Fortunately, when Yoichi comes into her life, she starts to open up more and realize that she is not alone. He struck just the right note, neither cold nor oppressively kind. It made me warm up to him ;†( Yoshimoto, pg. 11). Another thing about Mikage is that she is a fighter, and readers see that towards the end of the story, she fights for what she wan ts. At the beginning of this book Mikage is very guarded and lonely, but as the book progresses she becomes less guarded and more open to people who care about her. At the end of the book, Mikage becomes the one who comforts Yoichi, when his mom passes away. She becomes the center of his support system.

Georges Cuvier Biography

Georges Cuvier Biography Early Life and Education: Born August 23, 1769 - Died May 13, 1832 Georges Cuvier was born on August 23, 1769 to Jean George Cuvier and Anne Clemence Chatel. He grew up in the town of Montbeliard in the Jura Mountains of France. While he was a child, his mother tutored him in addition to his formal schooling making him much more advanced than his classmates. In 1784, Georges went away to the Carolinian Academy in Stuttgart, Germany. Upon graduation in 1788, he took a position as a tutor for a noble family in Normandy. Not only did this position keep him out of the French Revolution, it also gave him the opportunity to begin studying nature and eventually become a prominent Naturalist. In 1795, Cuvier moved to Paris and became a professor of Animal Anatomy at Musà ©e National dHistoire Naturelle. He was later appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte to various government positions related to education. Personal Life: In 1804, Georges Cuvier met and married Anne Marie Coquet de Trazaille. She had been widowed during the French Revolution and had four children. Georges and Anne Marie went on to have four children of their own. Unfortunately, only one of those children, a daughter, survived past infancy. Biography: Georges Cuvier was actually a very vocal opponent to the Theory of Evolution. In his 1797 published work entitled Elementary Survey of the Natural History of Animals, Cuvier hypothesized that since all of the different animals he had studied have such specialized and different anatomy, they must not have changed at all since the creation of the Earth. Most zoologists of the time period thought an animals structure was what determined where they lived and how they behaved. Cuvier proposed the opposite. He believed that the structure and function of organs in animals was determined by how they interacted with the environment. His Correlation of Parts hypothesis emphasized that all organs worked together within the body and how they worked was directly a result of their environment. Cuvier also studied many fossils. In fact, legend has it that he would be able to reconstruct a diagram of an animal based off of a single bone that had been found. His extensive studies led him to be one of the first scientists to create a classification system for animals. Georges realized there was no possible way that all animals could be fit into a linear system from most simple in structure all the way up to humans. Georges Cuvier was the most vocal opponent to Jean Baptiste Lamarck and his ideas of evolution. Lamarck was a proponent of the linear system of classification and that there were no constant species. Cuviers main argument against Lamarcks ideas was that important organ systems, like the nervous system or cardiovascular system, did not change or lose function like other less important organs did. The presence of vestigial structures was the cornerstone of Lamarcks theory. Perhaps the most well known of Georges Cuviers ideas comes from his 1813 published work called Essay on the Theory of the Earth. In this, he hypothesized that new species came into being after catastrophic floods, such as the flood described in the Bible when Noah built the ark. This theory is now known as catastrophism. Cuvier thought that only the highest of the mountain tops were immune to the floods. These ideas were not very well received by the overall scientific community, but more religious based organizations embraced the idea. Even though Cuvier was anti-evolution during his lifetime, his work actually helped give Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace a starting point for their studies of evolution. Cuviers insistence that there was more than one lineage of animals and that organ structure and function depended on the environment helped shaped the idea of Natural Selection.

How Mark Twains Views on Slavery Evolved

How Mark Twains Views on Slavery Evolved What did Mark Twain write about slavery? How did Twains background influence his position on slavery? Was he a racist? Born in a Slave State Mark Twain was a product of  Missouri, a slave state. His father was a judge, but he also traded in slaves at times. His uncle, John Quarles, owned 20 slaves, so Twain witnessed the practice of slavery firsthand whenever he spent summers at his uncles place. Growing up in Hannibal, Missouri,  Twain witnessed a slave owner brutally murder  a slave for merely doing something awkward. The owner had thrown a rock at the slave with such force that it killed him. Evolution of Twains Views on Slavery It is possible to trace the evolution of Twains thoughts on slavery in his writing, ranging from a pre-Civil War letter that reads somewhat racist to postwar utterances that reveal his clear opposition to slavery and his revulsion of slaveholders. His more telling statements on the subject are listed here in chronological order:   In a letter written in 1853, Twain wrote: I reckon I had better black my face, for in these Eastern states, nrs are considerably better than white people. Nearly two decades later, Twain  wrote to his good friend, novelist, literary critic, and playwright  William Dean Howells  about Roughing It  (1872):  I am as uplifted and reassured by it as a mother who has given birth to a white baby when she was awfully afraid it was going to be a mulatto. Twain laid bare his opinion of slavery in his classic  The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,  published in 1884.  Huckleberry, a runaway boy, and Jim, a runaway slave, sailed down the Mississippi together on a flimsy raft. Both had escaped abuse: the boy at the hands of his family, Jim from his owners. As they travel,  Jim,  a caring and loyal friend, becomes a father figure to Huck, opening the boys eyes to the human face of slavery. Southern society at the time considered  helping a runaway slave like Jim, who was thought to be inviolable property, the worst crime you could commit short of murder. But Huck sympathized so profoundly with Jim that the boy freed him. In Twains Notebook #35, the writer explains:   It seemed natural enough to me then; natural enough that Huck his father the worthless loafer should feel it approve it, though it seems now absurd. It shows that that strange thing, the conscience- the unerring monitor- can be trained to approve any wild thing you want it to approve if you begin its education early and stick to it. Twain  wrote in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court (1889): The blunting effects of slavery upon the slaveholders moral perceptions are known and conceded the world over; and a privileged class, an aristocracy, is but a band of slaveholders under another name. In  his essay The Lowest Animal  (1896), Twain wrote: Man is the only Slave. And he is the only animal who enslaves. He has always been a slave in one form or another  and has always held other slaves in bondage under him in one way or another. In our day, he is always some mans slave for wages and does that mans work, and this slave has other slaves under him for minor wages, and they do his work. The higher animals are the only ones who exclusively do their own work and provide their own living. Then in 1904, Twain wrote in his notebook: The skin of every human being contains a slave. Twain said In his autobiography, finished in 1910 just four months before his death and published in three volumes, beginning at his behest  in 2010: The class lines were quite clearly drawn and the familiar social life of each class was restricted to that class. For most of Twains life, he railed against slavery in letters, essays, and novels as an evil manifestation of mans inhumanity to man. He eventually became a crusader against the thinking that sought to justify it.

Management and Organizational Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and Organizational Theory - Essay Example The paper tells that current critical management studies have criticized traditional management with creating scientific or objective knowledge which is nothing more than elitist thinking institutionalized as wisdom The result of this is the elitist groups have managed to maintain a status quo that deprives and exploits members lower down an organization due to their class, gender and ethnicity. Many of the simplistic views on management needs revision and rather than applied mechanically, critical management needs to take a broader 360 view encompassing politics and ethical perspectives. Today's organizations and workplaces are a melting pot of ethnic and multi-culturally diverse set of individuals. More foreigners are employed in western businesses than ever before; young and old work together. People form a diverse backgrounds and skill sets now coordinate their work in order to arrive at the best solution for complicated problems. The merger of companies, threat of downsizing, an d rapidly changing work environments have tended to create a sense of unease about job security. Even then, employees demand more from the organization they're employed in, high expectations in terms of workplace treatment, greater respect for their individuality irrespective of their ethnic, gender, racial or family background or sexual orientation. The challenge then for companies is to develop more inclusive policies and procedures to embrace a wide variety of people while respecting their individuality. This model has largely been ignored by organizations which use their employees mechanically, expecting them to only produce. Up until the mid 20th Century, the organization was seen as a machine with characteristics such as a central authority, a hierarchy of power, divisions of expertise and specialisations, categories of labour and distinct sections between staff, management from lower paid workers. With the economic boom and moves towards globalisation, the internal culture of organizations changed with greater emphasis placed on the people instead of on the inner machinery of the organization. There was more focus on delegation of authority, employee self-rule, open dialogue where concerns of workers were shared with the authority. Much of this resulted from the development of new technologies. At the workplace, this meant requirement of new skill sets and specializations utilized in order to achieve organizational goals. People with expertise in various disciplines were sought and recruitment became selective. With more power to the labour force, the hierarchy of authority was forced to develop a more cooperative model of management. This in addition to the changing markets and branch diversification required management to be more adaptive. The existing scientific management model had inadequate concepts to cope with the rapidly changing work environment and there was a move towards changing the industry and discarding forms of scientific management. A s society grew modern, people started to develop social etiquette and became more morally conscious. Things that were considered normal a century ago began to be questioned. Child labour for example was outlawed. Customers demanded better quality products and attitudes in society changed. This spilled over into the workplace. Dictatorial methods of authority were no longer tolerated and generally people expected proper treatment.

Intellectual property College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intellectual property College - Essay Example Intellectual property ensures that the products are out into market from the original effort and curbs adulation. A property which is exclusive achievement of a particular company is guided by the intellectual property right according to the constitutional legal process existing in the country. Thus the intellectual property provides exclusive right to have freedom to work on the application or product and eliminates others to copy your effort. A resource or goods should be allowed to own and benefit from it, and the rights should describe whom should property rights be vested for those resources Second, what constraints should be covered in those rights consist of Intellectual Property: a term often used to refer generically to property rights created through intellectual and/or discovery efforts of a creator that are generally protectable under patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret, trade dress or other law Intellectual property rights is now used extensively as a business parameter due to competition, product differentiation and process flow gaining much importance in running a business entity. According to the nature of business operations and systems intellectual property rights have been classified to address a specific area of concern. Design: A right gives exclusive rights ... Copy rights related Copy right: A right which authenticates an individuals or an organisation work not to copied, reproduced, summarized or redistributed in any form without the concern of the initiator. Design: A right gives exclusive rights on the individuals or an organisation to proceed legally if any party copy sell or redesign the same features under other name, thus conferring rights to the first initiator. Patent: An exclusive recognisition for the utilities, design process flow thus not allowing others to copy sell or redistribute the original idea but others can quote the work for another application in any other form. Trademark: Are the distinguish features like symbols, design, words, caption or a sentence which is entitled to a single organisation. This confers that the products or service is from one brand. Reference: September.13.2006. "Glossary of Intellectual Property Terms". Available at this Website: http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/intelprp/glossary.htm Viewed on 12th September 2006 10PM IST Trade secret: A trade secret is an management tool that is kept in the internal walls of an organisation which is vital in the success of a feature, product or a process flow different from other business entities. Intellectual property has a greater significance in this period of globalization as it enables us to locate and protect every aspect which drives your revenues. An IP policy makes the organisation to stand ahead of others in competition and which are very unique and exclusive to your organisation. The advent of new technologies which can tap the essence of any new product or application of the process is an important aspect to observe as it gives opportunities to the competitors and the pirate professional to imitate and

Defense Budget Cuts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Defense Budget Cuts - Essay Example The defense cuts are likely to cause irreparable harm not only on the capabilities of institutions but also to the men and women in uniform. However, compared to education, healthcare and green economy, spending within the military is a deprived basis of creating jobs1. Pollin and Heidi show that $1 billion investment in clean energy, education and healthcare generates between 50 % and 140% more jobs compared to similar amount spent by the pentagon2. Nevertheless, it is impossible to separate concept of economic security from that of national security since they are both dependent on each other because the current threats to US economic and national security are identical3. Therefore, regardless of whether the US remains a super power or not, the country has to invest in military capabilities to respond to these threats. Although maintaining robust defense is essential, the prevailing economic challenges to the US pose a unique challenge to defense budget; hence, the need for the def ense sector to rise to the challenges of the turbulent times. Although many defense experts believe that the defense sector requires extra funding in modernizing its weapons, they mostly fall short of quantifying certain shortfalls with recent comparisons targeting defense budget with regard to the GDP4. With regard to capability, depth and conventional power, the US military remains the dominant force in the world, which is also true to the size of the nation’s defense budget. For instance, the country’s defense spending is 7 times that of the second leading nation; moreover, the US spent 29 times more compared to the 6 rogue states of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Libya, Syria and Sudan, in addition, US defense budget is greater than the GDP of these nations5. Therefore, it is clear that the US enjoys a substantial advantage in its size of the defense budget owing to the largely technologically advanced military that requires substantial funding.

Solidworks Essay Example for Free

Solidworks Essay SolidWorks is an immense topic, especially if you are new to the software. There is much to know and much to write about. Although I have made every effort to be complete in this book, I’m sure there are some niche topics that have gone untreated. The 2013 edition has been consolidated from two volumes into one, which led to some choices about content. In this edition, we rely more on video introductions for each chapter to demonstrate some of the basic concepts. You can find those video introductions on this book’s website at www. wiley. com/go/solidworks2013. This book is primarily meant as an encyclopedic desk reference for SolidWorks Standard users who want a more thorough understanding of the software and process than can be found in other available documentation. As such, it is not necessarily intended to be a guide for beginners, although it has elements of that. Nor is it necessarily intended as a classroom guide, but I have seen people use it for that as well. To keep the size of the book down, I have tried to avoid topics found only in SolidWorks Professional or Premium, although some discussion of these topics was in places unavoidable. Although the book does point out limitations, bugs, and conceptual errors in the software, in every case this is meant to give the reader a more thorough understanding of the software and how it is applied in the context of everyday design or engineering practice. The overall goal of this book is not to fill your head with facts, but to help you think like the software, so you can use the tool as an intuitive extension of your own process. As your modeling projects get more complex, you’ll need to have more troubleshooting and workaround skills available to you.

Reasons for the Disintegration of Yugoslavia :: Yugoslavia Military Economy Economics Essays

Reasons for the Disintegration of Yugoslavia From its birth in 1918 to its death in the 1990’s, Yugoslavia has always been a whole. Yugoslavia was kept together by it’s diplomacy and their good reputation and achievements during the administration led by Tito. As a result of his death, neighbors that lived in peace for decades turned on each other, ethnic hatred was occuring and republics were declaring independence one after the other. The country was gradually falling apart. There were many reasons for the breakup of Yugoslavia but one of the most important one was realism which basically deals with politics. Realism played an important role because equal power was never distributed in Yugoslavia and there was a struggle of power. Tito’s liberalism recieved a large amount of criticism from the USSR, especially, Joseph Stalin. Stalin, responded by cutting all ties between Yugoslavia and the USSR. Because of this, Tito wasn’t obligated to follow Soviet policy, and because of that Yugoslavia was no longer being funded by the USSR. This lack of financial support posed a huge threat to Yugoslavia’s survival. It was only after Tito’s death in 1980, that the world began to realize his true significance. Tito had controlled Yugoslavia for 35 years. During that time, his prestige and remarkable diplomacy held the country together. The Yugoslav Army played a disastrous role not only as an enforcer of political decisions but as an independent. In Tito’s time, the army had only a subordinate role. In those days, the Communist Party and the army were the glue that held the country together. When the Communist Party separated, the army remained the sole power that guaranteed the union. After the secessions, it became an army without a country. With Tito’s death in 1980 and the death of the Communist party in 1990, the national army was cut adrift with an idea with noone to control it. They eventually made themselves powerless. The most significant reason for the disintegration was the reintroduction of nationalism. Because Yugoslavia was created after self-determination the Serbs saw an opportunity to create a new slavic nation. Serbs saw in the idea of Yugoslavia the opportunity to have all Serbs living in a single state, and in addition, gathering around them the other nationalities in such a way that Serbs would play the dominant role.

Paraphrasing the Poem entitled “My Last Dutchess” Essay

Look into the wall so that you may see the last of my beloved woman with glee Wondering why upon looking at it comes alive for it is made intensively out of love. Everyday the painter worked expansively as he watched my woman to a pause. Asking for the painter to take a look at my girl and create a painting of her. On the painter’s face, I can see that he is mesmerized by her. I believe in the capacity of the painter – a well known artist. In my eyes I picture you so differently and other would say, If it is her true beauty and I reply, it is. So other now always looks unto her face. Not only had I told the painter that made the woman blushed. I remember after she was painted, she made a wonderful look and say â€Å"Thank you.† It is her smile – the smile that nurtures my being since then until now. But the vestige is her daughter – my daughter. I need to start all over again for it was the destiny of life. Recollecting the surroundings as what the painter created in my woman’s background, Her beauty cast me away, like an â€Å"Innsbruck in bronze† – for me. Reference Browning, R. (1842). My Last Dutchess. Retrieved 26 March 2008. http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/680/696357/student_library/pdf/browning.pdf

A Mystery Note

The first few notes of the alarm clock prised open Amber's eyes and she stumbled out of bed, standing on an up-ended plug as she did so. She didn't have time for the pain; she had a Spanish test first thing and with a bit of luck she'd be able to catch the early bus to school so she could fit in a bit of revision before class. The floorboards creaked under her feet as she got changed. Everything here seemed to creak, the place was a wreck and she couldn't wait 'till she was old enough and more importantly have enough money to move out but that was unlikely. Amber's life had fallen apart bit by bit since the day she was born. Apparently her mum was put into a permanent coma after a car crash on her way to the hospital. Amber supposedly was a twin but something happened to her sister and that's how she ended up here, in an orphanage that looked like it was going to fall apart the minute another no-hoper walked through it's doors. â€Å"Get up Chloe,† Amber said, Shaking her roommate vigorously in attempt to wake her up. â€Å"I'll get up, just five more minutes,† Chloe murmured sleepily but Amber had to leave in a minute and she knew Chloe would probably never get up so she grabbed the covers and chucked them to the other side of the room. Satisfied, she grabbed her bag and the watch she got two weeks ago from Chloe for her fifteenth birthday and set off for school. Amber managed to squeeze in a few minutes of revision before the test but It wasn't exactly easy getting folders out because the wind had picked up and by the time she'd got to the classroom her usually neat black hair looked like something from ‘Jeepers Creepers.' The test took the best part of two hours – too long, thought Amber. She was relieved when the bell finally run and she practically sprinted out before Seniorita Belanto remembered about the homework due today. â€Å"Amber!† She nearly had a heart attack when the powerful voice of her manly P.E. teacher, Mrs Stevenson came booming at her. â€Å"Yes, Mr†¦I mean, Mrs Stevenson?† Amber said cheekily, wondering why the sudden need for her P.E. teacher to come rushing after her like an overweight lion. â€Å"Some guy passed a note onto me to give to you,† She grunted. She threw the piece of paper but Amber missed it and she had to crawl about the floor dodging numerous people who thought walking backwards as fun as walking normally. â€Å"Gotcha!† Amber shouted a little too loudly as everyone in the corridor stared at her on her hands and knees. She opened the piece of paper and read: Thanks a bunch for your help. I owe you one, Jay Connors â€Å"What the†¦?† She said. She looked around for Mrs Stevenson but she'd already been absorbed by the crowd. There must've been a mistake, she hadn't helped someone, had she? After school she decided to walk home and on the way she asked a few people from school if they knew who Jay Connors was. â€Å"Who?† Most of them said, but she hit the bonus when she asked the new kid in her Maths class. â€Å"You didn't think to ask me first, did you?† He replied, grinning. Amber looked puzzlingly at him but then he explained. â€Å"I'm Matthew Connors, Jay's brother,† he grinned. Amber realised then that she'd been stupid; who better to ask than the only person in school with the same surname as the mysterious Jay? â€Å"If your looking for Jay he'll be indoors by now.† He pressed the traffic lights button and the green man showed a few seconds later. Amber stood were she had been for the past few minutes looking like an idiot. What now? Did he expect her to follow him? Matthew looked back, â€Å"Come on then, what you waiting for?† Apparently Jay had been in a car crash yesterday and his car was a total wreck so he couldn't go to his work today. Amber was amazed at how he managed to cram every tiny detail into a space of two minutes. By the time they got there Amber seemed to know everything about Jay. They rang the doorbell and Jay answered. â€Å"Hey Matt, Alex! Nice to see you again.† He said â€Å"Alex? I'm not†¦I'm Amber.† This conversation was getting to be one of the most confusing of her life. â€Å"What†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jay began but Matt butted in. â€Å"This is Amber, she's in my class.† Jay looked like someone had just put one of Einstein's maths problems in front of him. Just then someone was walking along the pavement and Jay and Matt both looked stunned. â€Å"Alex†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Amber turned around and couldn't believe what she was seeing. It was like she was looking in the mirror. It was her. Alex turned round and saw Amber, shock exploded on her face. Five minutes later Amber had forgot the shock because after a brief discussion with Alex, hope suddenly came into Amber sight. Was this her twin? Could this be possible? Could her mum be alive? She was, she had to be. â€Å"Alex, dinners out.† a figure emerged from a house but at the same time Amber heard a rumble and a huge shadow cast over her, all of the hope that had build up inside her was shattered as flight 755 rapidly lost altitude. In a split-second the world had turned black and she only caught one glimpse of her mother's face. That was the first and last time she ever saw it.

Alfred Nobel essays

Alfred Nobel essays Alfred Nobel was more than just a scientist; he was an engineer, a chemist, and a very good businessman. Born October 21st 1833 in Stockholm Sweden, the son of the late Immanuel Nobel and Andriette Ahlsell. In 1837 Immanuel Nobel left Stockholm in pursuit of a career in Finland and Russia. Leaving his wife and kids in Stockholm. Immanuel gained a very successful career in engineering. In 1942 Albert's father took the family over to St. Petersburg. There, Alfred and his brother's were given a " first-class" education from private teachers. In school Alfred learned natural sciences, languages and literature. When Alfred was only 17 he was fluent in 5 languages Swedish, Russian, French, English and German. Out of all of his studies Alfred most enjoyed poetry, which did not thrill his father. In an attempt to get Alfred to join his enterprises he sent him to study abroad in chemical engineering. For two years Alfred visited many countries including Sweden, Germany, France and the United States. In Paris he met Ascanio Sobrero an Italian scientist who had discovered Nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin was a very powerful substance with a lot more explosive power than gunpowder. The problem was that Nitroglycerin was highly unpredictable and extremely reactive. Alfred Nobel was very interested in nitroglycerin and spent a lot of time trying figuring out a practical use in construction. He also had to design a safer way to detonate the nitroglycerin. Shortly after he visited his friend John Ericcson he went back to work in the Family business. After his father went bankrupt him and his brother Emil moved to Sweden and worked together improving the explosive. In their workshop they had several explosions one in 1864 killed his brother Emil and several other workers. Because of these explosions Alfred was unfortunately shut down by the authorities and had to move out of Stockholm City limits in order to conduct his experiments. Finally in...

The aim of this research is, eventually, to Essays

The aim of this research is, eventually, to Essays The aim of this research is, eventually, to Essay The aim of this research is, eventually, to Essay Context of the intended research CRIT is a receptor that was foremost encountered on the surface of aSchistosomaspecies ; in theSchistosoma,it acts as a decoy C2-binding receptor in order to protect this parasite from complement onslaught by viing with C4 for the binding of C2 ( Inal and Schifferli, 2002 ) . Complement is, basically, an enzyme system that is triggered upon immune system onslaught: most of the enzymes in this system are identified through standardised labeling: they are labelled C followed by a figure and so a codification based on the cleavage merchandises when proteolysed, for illustration, C5b-9. Complement onslaught ( Carroll, 1998 ) plays a major function in supporting hosts from immune onslaught, in footings of extinguishing foreign encroachers, and involves a complex tract of interactions, in order that the procedure does non take to self devastation: so, unregulated complement action can take to autoimmune diseases ( Ohet al. ,2003 ) , and other conditions/diseases such as bosom onslaught ( K ilgoreet al. ,1994 ) , Alzheimer’s disease ( Bradtet al. ,1998 ) . CRIT ( or Sh-TOR as it was antecedently known ) was found inSchistosoma,as a complement C2 protein, that could barricade complement activation, therefore bring oning bilharzia in worlds ; it was hypothesized that the CRIT blocked complement activation through its C2 binding site ; CRIT look in the parasite therefore acts as a steerer C2 binding receptor, protecting the parasite against complement onslaught by viing with C4 for the binding of C2, at the ed1 sphere ( Hui, 2005 ) . CRIT has later been found that other animate beings, that are suited as theoretical account systems for analyzing CRIT action besides express CRIT, for illustration, the rat andTrypanosoma.Recent work has besides shown that worlds have a CRIT factor, labeled ( Hu ) -CRIT which is expressed in a broad scope of human cells, particularly in hematopoietic cells ( Inalet al. ,2005 ) . Further elaborate surveies of CRIT have shown that it is a transmembrane receptor with two extracellular and two in intracellular spheres with an active 11 amino-acid peptide subdivision ( called CRIT-H17 ) which is hypothesized to be involved in the complement suppression activity of CRIT ( Hui, 2005 ) . Much work has been undertaken on clarifying the mechanism of action of CRIT, in footings of it being a potentially utile molecule in handling immunological diseases and other diseases, such as malignant neoplastic disease. For illustration, Inalet Al.( 2005 ) have shown that CRIT barricading can take to deprotection in CRIT-expressing human myeloid cell lines and in monocytes, ensuing in a greater susceptibleness to complement-mediated lysisin vitro. Other research, such as that by Mollet Al.( 2006 ) has shown that CRIT look is different in patients with kidney upsets, through assorted alterations in up- or down-regulation of CRIT look, taking to the suggestion that the upregulation of CRIT in activated podocytes might stand for a self-defense mechanism, stand foring a ‘last line’ of defense mechanism in membranous kidney disease of the kidney. Other surveies have looked at the existent mechanism of operation of the CRIT tract, for illustration Huiet Al.( 2005 ) looked at the look of a functional recombinant von Willebrand factor-A sphere from human complement C2, in footings of this being a possible binding site for C4 and CRIT. As we have seen, CRIT competes with C4b for the binding of C2, with the major adhering site on C2 being located on a short peptide sequence that was antecedently of unknown beginning ; Huiet al. ,( 2005 ) , nevertheless, looked at a part on C2 that was known to hold binding capacity, the von Willebrand Factor-A, and found that, so, this peptide sequence inhibits complement activity ; utilizing a cloned von Willebrand Factor-A sequence, Huiet Al.( 2005 ) were able to look in item at the interactions between C2 and CRIT and C4b. This pilot survey that is intended to be undertaken as portion of this reappraisal of CRIT is intended to take this work of Huiet Al.( 2005 ) farther. As will be seen, on adh ering the serum complement protein, C2, the CRIT peptide, H17 can cut down complement-mediated redness in vivo [ 7 ] and it is intended that CRIT-ed1 and H17 will be tested as possible distinction therapeutics peculiarly aiming monocytic leukemia. To better the efficaciousness of these peptides, structural information on the manner they interact with C2, such that this can be ‘tweaked’ to increase efficiency of binding. The CRIT-H17 peptide will be synthesized full length as an 11-mer, but besides as a 10-mer, 9-mer and 8-mer. We will besides mutate to alanine the amino acids believed to interact with the vWFA sphere of C2. CRIT-H17 will farther be synthesized as a head-to-toe cyclised version of H17 ( to mime the native CRIT molecule ) . Prior to the structural surveies, nevertheless, these peptides will be tested for their efficaciousness at cut downing complement activationin vitro. In add-on, interactions of these peptides with C2 vWFA sphere will be monitored for by a novel technique utilizing electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy ( developed within the Institute for Health Research A ; Policy at LMU by Dr. A. Bligh ) [ 8 ] . This technique can besides observe the presence of two adhering sites and if there are two ligands whether they bind competitively and with what affinity. To supervise conformational alterations on interaction, in add-on to working out dynamicss of interaction, we will utilize Double Polarisation Interferometry ( AnaLight Quantum ) through coaction with Dr. R.B. Sim ( MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Univ. of Oxford ) . Prof. Peter Gros ( Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht ) has approached the applier for CRIT peptides for co-crystallisation with an available C2a ( von Willebrand Factor A [ vWFA ] and serine peptidase ) concept and we expect this coaction to continue and to finally demo the points of contact between CRIT-ed1 and C2 ( via the vWFA sphere ) . It is hoped that this methodological analysis will let a deeper apprehension of how CRIT binds with other molecules in the complement tract, and how this tract is regulated in footings of supplying a intervention option for some of the diseases/conditions that are known to develop following perturbation, or irregular operation of, this complement tract. Introduction The purpose of this research is, finally, to transport out a pilot survey to back up preliminary grounds that the complement receptor CRIT ( Complement C2 Receptor Inhibitor Trispanning ) plays a function in monocyte/macrophage terminal distinction. We aim to demo that by triping distinction through CRIT, it is possible to suppress the proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells. This could hold of import deductions for an alternate intervention agenda for monocytic leukemia. By the terminal of this survey we expect to demo the undermentioned: I ) that monocytes which can adhere C2 through CRIT maintain monocytic phenotypein vitroorin vivo ;II ) that monocytes can be induced to terminally distinguish by barricading the interaction of CRIT with its blood relation ligand, complement C2 or as monocytes move into an extravascular environment devoid of C2 ; that a knockdown of CRIT look in monocyte carcinoma cell lines or physical blocking of CRIT-C2 interaction induces them to terminally dis tinguish, and that, likewise, a blocking of CRIT-C2 interaction on leukaemic monocytes will halt proliferation and bring on distinction ; and, in conclusion, that, conversely, monocytes that are C2-/- , can non be induced to terminally distinguish by barricading the interaction of CRIT with its ligand, C2, nevertheless on traveling into an extravascular environment, other excess mechanisms, such as interaction of monocyte integrins with VCAM molecules on endothelial cells, may still bring on distinction. In consequence, basically, either barricading ligand interaction with CRIT or cut downing CRIT look should excite cell rhythm apprehension ( irreversible block at G1 ) and terminal distinction into cells with a macrophage phenotype. These conditions represent a fresh tract for monocyte/macrophage terminal distinction, based on the theoretical account proposed, and affecting the complement receptor, CRIT. In footings of monocyte leukemia, besides advancing cell rhythm apprehension, barricading CRIT with anti-CRIT-ed1 has the added benefit of rendering the cell more susceptible to complement-mediated cytolysis, as described antecedently for monocyte carcinoma cell lines ( U937 and THP-1 ) and primary monocytes showing CRIT [ 1 ] . It is intended that this research will lend to a deeper apprehension of how the complement tract works in worlds, in peculiar with respect to how abnormalities in the operation of the complement tract can do disease, and how CRIT look modulates the operation of the complement tract in human systems. The informations obtained from this pilot survey will be used to look into five chief issues: I ) The function of CRIT in myeloid distinction The function of CRIT in myeloid distinction has been studied with an antagonist CRIT-based peptide termed H17 ( NH2-HEVKIKHFSPY-CO2H ) consisting the 11aa C-terminus of CRIT-ed1. Preliminary work suggests that in adhering to C2 and therefore barricading the interaction of C2 with CRIT [ 1 ] , H17 may bring on the distinction of monocytes/promonocytic cell lines along the tract of macrophage distinction, and significantly, inhibit cell proliferation. The different curative attacks that are presently used in handling acute leukemia include cytotoxicity, programmed cell death and distinction. Differentiation therapy was developed over a decennary ago and Acts of the Apostless by bring oning cell rhythm apprehension and hence distinction in leukaemic monocytes [ 2 ] , therefore elegantly avoiding cytotoxicity effects. Retinoids, such as all-trans-retinoic acid ( ATRA ) are used to handle promyelocytic leukemia by specifically aiming neoplastic cells whilst non impacting normal mature ce lls. Many successes in the intervention of monocytic leukaemias have been reported since [ 3-5 ] . We suggest that a CRIT-based peptide ( H17 or an H17 derived function ) could finally offer an of import alternate intervention for monocytic leukemia by bring oning distinction of monocytic cells. The peptide will be tested entirely and in combination with ATRA in a mouse theoretical account of acute promyelocytic leukemia [ 6 ] . two ) The construction of CRIT peptides ( ed1 and H17 ) and of CRIT peptides interacting with the von Willebrand Factor A ( vWFA ) sphere of complement C2 On adhering the serum complement protein, C2, the CRIT peptide, H17 can cut down complement-mediated redness in vivo [ 7 ] and we will prove CRIT-ed1 and H17 as possible distinction therapeutics peculiarly aiming monocytic leukemia. To better the efficaciousness of these peptides, we aim to utilize structural information on the manner they interact with C2. The CRIT-H17 peptide will be synthesized full length as an 11-mer, but besides as a 10-mer, 9-mer and 8-mer. We will besides mutate to alanine the amino acids believed to interact with the vWFA sphere of C2. CRIT-H17 will farther be synthesized as a head-to-toe cyclised version of H17 ( to mime the native CRIT molecule ) . Prior to structural surveies, these peptides will be tested for their efficaciousness at cut downing complement activation in vitro. Interactions of these peptides with C2 vWFA sphere will be monitored for by a novel technique utilizing electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy ( developed within the Institute for Health Research A ; Policy at LMU by Dr. A. Bligh ) [ 8 ] . This technique can besides observe the presence of two adhering sites and if there are two ligands whether they bind competitively and with what affinity. To supervise conformational alterations on interaction, in add-on to working out dynamicss of interaction, we will utilize Double Polarisation Interferometry ( AnaLight Quantum ) through coaction with Dr. R.B. Sim ( MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Univ. of Oxford ) . Prof. Peter Gros ( Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht ) has approached the applier for CRIT peptides for co-crystallisation with an available C2a ( von Willebrand Factor A [ vWFA ] and serine peptidase ) concept and we expect this coaction to continue and to finally demo the points of contact between CRIT-ed1 and C2 ( via the vWFA sphere ) . three ) Expression profile of CRIT in autoimmune disease and malignant neoplastic disease With a position to understanding the function of CRIT in autoimmune disease and malignant neoplastic disease, the applier is join forcesing on a Swiss National Foundation funded undertaking with Prof. J. Schifferli ( Univ. Hospital Basel ) to do a CRIT smasher mouse. To happen an association between CRIT look degrees and the disease procedure, a comparing of CRIT look ( messenger RNA and protein ) in normal tissue with that in autoimmune disease and malignant neoplastic disease will be made. In situ hybridization surveies every bit good as immunohistochemistry, utilizing dual staining and/or staining of consecutive subdivisions with anti-CRIT and cell specific markers, will be conducted to corroborate look in sertoli cells, podocyte cells, keratinocytes, encephalon [ 1 ] . The distribution of CRIT in normal and morbid tissue will be studied, peculiarly tissues injured by inflammatory or necrotic procedures: joints-synovium in arthritis, myocardial infarction etc. Previously, we carri ed out a survey along these lines, which looked at CRIT look in assorted kidney diseases [ 9 ] . This survey revealed CRIT upregulation in membranous kidney diseases on glomerular podocyte cells. Unlike CR1, hitherto the lone other complement regulator described on podocytes, and which is non upregulated in membranous nephropathy, we believe that CRIT on podocytes represents a last line of defense mechanism against onslaught by complement. Functional information back uping this was later obtained ( manuscript in Complement regulators are frequently upregulated in malignant neoplastic disease [ 10 ] and so expression degrees of CRIT in assorted human malignances will be assessed excessively. Critically, CRIT is upregulated in liver malignant neoplastic disease ( Fig. 4 ) and thyroid malignant neoplastic disease ( non shown ) . As obstruction of CRIT with antibody sensitises cells to complement lysis [ 1 ] , such findings may hold applications in malignant neoplastic disease. Already schemes to barricade complement regulators with specific antibodies have been used successfully with a position to developing fresh malignant neoplastic disease immunotherapies [ 11,12 ] . In a recent development, membrane-bound complement regulative proteins ( mCRP ) have been downregulated by siRNA to render tumour cells sensitive to complement [ 13 ] . Therefore we will bring forth vector-based shRNAs ( utilizing psiRNA vector [ In vivo Gen ] ) to stably strike hard down CRIT look and see the consequence on tumor cells. four ) CRIT extracellular peptide ( H17 ) and its usage in modulating complement-mediated redness in in vivo theoretical accounts of autoimmune disease With a position to therapeutically suppress redness due to classical tract activation in theoretical accounts of complement-mediated autoimmune disease, CRIT has been targeted to suppress the Reversed Passive Arthus Reaction in mice [ 7 ] . By disposal of an counter peptide, H17, which binds complement C2 and prevents its activation it was possible to significantly cut down complement-mediated redness. To prove this peptide as a curative against autoimmune diseases in which the classical tract is peculiarly of import we are join forcesing with labs that have the appropriate animate being theoretical accounts. Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis ( EAMG ) is an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease impacting the neuromuscular junction. The disease, which is besides T cell-dependent, is an accurate theoretical account in footings of its pathology and clinical result of human myasthenia gravis ( MG ) . We have been approached by Prof. P. Christadoss and Dr. E. Tuzun of the Universit y of Texas, Galveston to prove H17 in their mouse theoretical account of MG [ 14,15 ] and will continue with this coaction. 1.2.5 Does CRIT adhere other serum proteins through its extracellular spheres? In a collaborative survey with Prof. Marina Botto ( Imperial College ) we will look into whether CRIT is a receptor for any other proteins beside complement C2 and FB, with which it binds with high and low affinity, severally. To prove whether the extracellular spheres of CRIT have other adhering spouses, receptor affinity chromatography [ 16 ] will be used to see whether ed1 binds other proteins from the serum of a C2 deficient ( C2D ) patient or of a combined C2/FB smasher mouse [ 17,18 ] . As the function of the 2nd extracellular sphere, ed2 has non been established, normal serum will be used ab initio to place ed2-binding proteins adhering to ed2 affinity columns by standard mass-spec designation protocols. Further experiments will be conducted to see if CRIT binds integrins. The principle for this is that CRIT-ed1 binds the vWFA1 sphere of complement C2 [ 19 ] and vWFA spheres are typically found in integrins, such as Very Late Antigen 4 ( VLA-4 ) on monocytes. The interaction w ith vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( VCAM-1 ) molecules on the endothelium is believed to non merely intercede attachment [ 20 ] and transendothelial migration [ 21 ] but besides to excite distinction [ 22 ] . Methodology to be utilized in the survey of the purposes of the undertaking: I ) The function of CRIT in myeloid distinction As we have seen, the function of CRIT in myeloid distinction has been studied with an antagonist CRIT-based peptide termed H17 ( NH2-HEVKIKHFSPY-CO2H ) consisting the 11aa C-terminus of CRIT-ed1. Preliminary work suggests that in adhering to C2 and therefore barricading the interaction of C2 with CRIT [ 1 ] , H17 may bring on the distinction of monocytes/promonocytic cell lines along the tract of macrophage distinction, and significantly, inhibit cell proliferation. It is intended that this pilot survey will go on the work that has been started in this respect, and will lend original research findings to the intervention of diseases that are caused by failures in the proper operation of the complement tract in worlds. The different curative attacks that are presently used in handling acute leukemia include cytotoxicity, programmed cell death and distinction. Differentiation therapy was developed over a decennary ago and Acts of the Apostless by bring oning cell rhythm apprehension and hence distinction in leukaemic monocytes [ 2 ] , therefore elegantly avoiding cytotoxicity effects. Retinoids, such as all-trans-retinoic acid ( ATRA ) are used to handle promyelocytic leukemia by specifically aiming neoplastic cells whilst non impacting normal mature cells. Many successes in the intervention of monocytic leukaemias have been reported since [ 3-5 ] . We suggest that a CRIT-based peptide ( H17 or an H17 derived function ) could finally offer an of import alternate intervention for monocytic leukemia by bring oning distinction of monocytic cells. The peptide will be tested entirely and in combination with ATRA in a mouse theoretical account of acute promyelocytic leukemia [ 6 ] . This will take to cons equences which could be of great usage in developing alternate therapies for handling conditions that arise as a consequence of failure of the right operation of the complement tract in worlds. two ) The construction of CRIT peptides ( ed1 and H17 ) and of CRIT peptides interacting with the von Willebrand Factor A ( vWFA ) sphere of complement C2 As has been seen, Huiet Al.( 2005 ) looked at the look of a functional recombinant von Willebrand factor-A sphere from human complement C2, in footings of this being a possible binding site for C4 and CRIT. As we have seen, CRIT competes with C4b for the binding of C2, with the major adhering site on C2 being located on a short peptide sequence that was antecedently of unknown beginning ; Huiet al. ,( 2005 ) , nevertheless, looked at a part on C2 that was known to hold binding capacity, the von Willebrand Factor-A, and found that, so, this peptide sequence inhibits complement activity ; utilizing a cloned von Willebrand Factor-A sequence, Huiet Al.( 2005 ) were able to look in item at the interactions between C2 and CRIT and C4b. The current survey will take the work of Huiet Al.( 2005 ) further, by looking in item at the CRIT tract, in footings of adhering the serum complement protein, C2, the CRIT peptide, H17 can cut down complement-mediated rednessin vivo[ 7 ] and we will prove CRIT-ed1 and H17 as possible distinction therapeutics peculiarly aiming monocytic leukemia. To better the efficaciousness of these peptides, we aim to utilize structural information on the manner they interact with C2. The CRIT-H17 peptide will be synthesized full length as an 11-mer, but besides as a 10-mer, 9-mer and 8-mer. We will besides mutate to alanine the amino acids believed to interact with the vWFA sphere of C2. CRIT-H17 will farther be synthesized as a head-to-toe cyclised version of H17 ( to mime the native CRIT molecule ) . Prior to structural surveies, these peptides will be tested for their efficaciousness at cut downing complement activation in vitro. Interactions of these peptides with C2 vWFA sphere will be moni tored for by a novel technique utilizing electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy ( developed within the Institute for Health Research A ; Policy at LMU by Dr. A. Bligh ) [ 8 ] . This technique can besides observe the presence of two adhering sites and if there are two ligands whether they bind competitively and with what affinity. To supervise conformational alterations on interaction, in add-on to working out dynamicss of interaction, we will utilize Double Polarisation Interferometry ( AnaLight Quantum ) through coaction with Dr. R.B. Sim ( MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Univ. of Oxford ) . Prof. Peter Gros ( Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht ) has approached the applier for CRIT peptides for co-crystallisation with an available C2a ( von Willebrand Factor A [ vWFA ] and serine peptidase ) concept and we expect this coaction to continue and to finally demo the points of contact between CRIT-ed1 and C2 ( via the vWFA sphere ) . three ) Expression profile of CRIT in autoimmune disease and malignant neoplastic disease With a position to understanding the function of CRIT in autoimmune disease and malignant neoplastic disease, the applier is join forcesing on a Swiss National Foundation funded undertaking with Prof. J. Schifferli ( Univ. Hospital Basel ) to do a CRIT smasher mouse. To happen an association between CRIT look degrees and the disease procedure, a comparing of CRIT look ( messenger RNA and protein ) in normal tissue with that in autoimmune disease and malignant neoplastic disease will be made. In situ hybridization surveies every bit good as immunohistochemistry, utilizing dual staining and/or staining of consecutive subdivisions with anti-CRIT and cell specific markers, will be conducted to corroborate look in sertoli cells, podocyte cells, keratinocytes, encephalon [ 1 ] . The distribution of CRIT in normal and morbid tissue will be studied, peculiarly tissues injured by inflammatory or necrotic procedures: joints-synovium in arthritis, myocardial infarction etc. Previously, we carri ed out a survey along these lines, which looked at CRIT look in assorted kidney diseases [ 9 ] . This survey revealed CRIT upregulation in membranous kidney diseases on glomerular podocyte cells. Unlike CR1, hitherto the lone other complement regulator described on podocytes, and which is non upregulated in membranous nephropathy, we believe that CRIT on podocytes represents a last line of defense mechanism against onslaught by complement. Functional information back uping this was later obtained ( manuscript in Complement regulators are frequently upregulated in malignant neoplastic disease [ 10 ] and so expression degrees of CRIT in assorted human malignances will be assessed excessively. Critically, CRIT is upregulated in liver malignant neoplastic disease ( Fig. 4 ) and thyroid malignant neoplastic disease ( non shown ) . As obstruction of CRIT with antibody sensitises cells to complement lysis [ 1 ] , such findings may hold applications in malignant neoplastic disease. Already schemes to barricade complement regulators with specific antibodies have been used successfully with a position to developing fresh malignant neoplastic disease immunotherapies [ 11,12 ] . In a recent development, membrane-bound complement regulative proteins ( mCRP ) have been downregulated by siRNA to render tumour cells sensitive to complement [ 13 ] . Therefore we will bring forth vector-based shRNAs ( utilizing psiRNA vector [ In vivo Gen ] ) to stably strike hard down CRIT look and see the consequence on tumor cells. four ) CRIT extracellular peptide ( H17 ) and its usage in modulating complement-mediated redness in in vivo theoretical accounts of autoimmune disease With a position to therapeutically suppress redness due to classical tract activation in theoretical accounts of complement-mediated autoimmune disease, CRIT has been targeted to suppress the Reversed Passive Arthus Reaction in mice [ 7 ] . By disposal of an counter peptide, H17, which binds complement C2 and prevents its activation it was possible to significantly cut down complement-mediated redness. To prove this peptide as a curative against autoimmune diseases in which the classical tract is peculiarly of import we are join forcesing with labs that have the appropriate animate being theoretical accounts. Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis ( EAMG ) is an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease impacting the neuromuscular junction. The disease, which is besides T cell-dependent, is an accurate theoretical account in footings of its pathology and clinical result of human myasthenia gravis ( MG ) . We have been approached by Prof. P. Christadoss and Dr. E. Tuzun of the Universit y of Texas, Galveston to prove H17 in their mouse theoretical account of MG [ 14,15 ] and will continue with this coaction. 1.2.5 Does CRIT adhere other serum proteins through its extracellular spheres? In a collaborative survey with Prof. Marina Botto ( Imperial College ) we will look into whether CRIT is a receptor for any other proteins beside complement C2 and FB, with which it binds with high and low affinity, severally. To prove whether the extracellular spheres of CRIT have other adhering spouses, receptor affinity chromatography [ 16 ] will be used to see whether ed1 binds other proteins from the serum of a C2 deficient ( C2D ) patient or of a combined C2/FB smasher mouse [ 17,18 ] . As the function of the 2nd extracellular sphere, ed2 has non been established, normal serum will be used ab initio to place ed2-binding proteins adhering to ed2 affinity columns by standard mass-spec designation protocols. Further experiments will be conducted to see if CRIT binds integrins. The principle for this is that CRIT-ed1 binds the vWFA1 sphere of complement C2 [ 19 ] and vWFA spheres are typically found in integrins, such as Very Late Antigen 4 ( VLA-4 ) on monocytes. The interaction w ith vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( VCAM-1 ) molecules on the endothelium is believed to non merely intercede attachment [ 20 ] and transendothelial migration [ 21 ] but besides to excite distinction [ 22 ] . CRIT is a receptor that was foremost encountered on the surface of aSchistosomaspecies ; in theSchistosoma,it acts as a decoy C2-binding receptor in order to protect this parasite from complement onslaught by viing with C4 for the binding of C2 ( Inal and Schifferli, 2002 ) . Complement is, basically, an enzyme system that is triggered upon immune system onslaught: most of the enzymes in this system are identified through standardised labeling: they are labelled C followed by a figure and so a codification based on the cleavage merchandises when proteolysed, for illustration, C5b-9. Complement onslaught ( Carroll, 1998 ) plays a major function in supporting hosts from immune onslaught, in footings of extinguishing foreign encroachers, and involves a complex tract of interactions, in order that the procedure does non take to self devastation: so, unregulated complement action can take to autoimmune diseases ( Ohet al. ,2003 ) , and other conditions/diseases such as bosom onslaught ( K ilgoreet al. ,1994 ) , Alzheimer’s disease ( Bradtet al. ,1998 ) . CRIT ( or Sh-TOR as it was antecedently known ) was found inSchistosoma,as a complement C2 protein, that could barricade complement activation, therefore bring oning bilharzia in worlds ; it was hypothesized that the CRIT blocked complement activation through its C2 binding site ; CRIT look in the parasite therefore acts as a steerer C2 binding receptor, protecting the parasite against complement onslaught by viing with C4 for the binding of C2, at the ed1 sphere ( Hui, 2005 ) . CRIT has later been found that other animate beings, that are suited as theoretical account systems for analyzing CRIT action besides express CRIT, for illustration, the rat andTrypanosoma.Recent work has besides shown that worlds have a CRIT factor, labeled ( Hu ) -CRIT which is expressed in a broad scope of human cells, particularly in hematopoietic cells ( Inalet al. ,2005 ) . Further elaborate surveies of CRIT have shown that it is a transmembrane receptor with two extracellular and two in intracellular spheres with an active 11 amino-acid peptide subdivision ( called CRIT-H17 ) which is hypothesized to be involved in the complement suppression activity of CRIT ( Hui, 2005 ) . Much work has been undertaken on clarifying the mechanism of action of CRIT, in footings of it being a potentially utile molecule in handling immunological diseases and other diseases, such as malignant neoplastic disease. For illustration, Inalet Al.( 2005 ) have shown that CRIT barricading can take to deprotection in CRIT-expressing human myeloid cell lines and in monocytes, ensuing in a greater susceptibleness to complement-mediated lysisin vitro. Other research, such as that by Mollet Al.( 2006 ) has shown that CRIT look is different in patients with kidney upsets, through assorted alterations in up- or down-regulation of CRIT look, taking to the suggestion that the upregulation of CRIT in activated podocytes might stand for a self-defense mechanism, stand foring a ‘last line’ of defense mechanism in membranous kidney disease of the kidney. Introduction The purpose of this research is, finally, to transport out a pilot survey to back up preliminary grounds that the complement receptor CRIT ( Complement C2 Receptor Inhibitor Trispanning ) plays a function in monocyte/macrophage terminal distinction. We aim to demo that by triping distinction through CRIT, it is possible to suppress the proliferation of myeloid leukemia cells. This could hold of import deductions for an alternate intervention agenda for monocytic leukemia. By the terminal of this survey we expect to demo the undermentioned: I ) that monocytes which can adhere C2 through CRIT maintain monocytic phenotypein vitroorin vivo ;II ) that monocytes can be induced to terminally distinguish by barricading the interaction of CRIT with its blood relation ligand, complement C2 or as monocytes move into an extravascular environment devoid of C2 ; that a knockdown of CRIT look in monocyte carcinoma cell lines or physical blocking of CRIT-C2 interaction induces them to terminally dis tinguish, and that, likewise, a blocking of CRIT-C2 interaction on leukaemic monocytes will halt proliferation and bring on distinction ; and, in conclusion, that, conversely, monocytes that are C2-/- , can non be induced to terminally distinguish by barricading the interaction of CRIT with its ligand, C2, nevertheless on traveling into an extravascular environment, other excess mechanisms, such as interaction of monocyte integrins with VCAM molecules on endothelial cells, may still bring on distinction. In consequence, basically, either barricading ligand interaction with CRIT or cut downing CRIT look should excite cell rhythm apprehension ( irreversible block at G1 ) and terminal distinction into cells with a macrophage phenotype. These conditions represent a fresh tract for monocyte/macrophage terminal distinction, based on the theoretical account proposed, and affecting the complement receptor, CRIT. In footings of monocyte leukemia, besides advancing cell rhythm apprehension, barricading CRIT with anti-CRIT-ed1 has the added benefit of rendering the cell more susceptible to complement-mediated cytolysis, as described antecedently for monocyte carcinoma cell lines ( U937 and THP-1 ) and primary monocytes showing CRIT [ 1 ] . Bradt, B.M.et al. ,1998. Complement-dependent proinflammatory belongingss of the Alzheimer’s disease B-peptide.J. Exp. Med.188, pp.431. Carroll, M.C. , 1998. 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Kilgore, K.S.et al. ,1994. The complement system in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion hurt.Cardiovasc Research28, pp.437. Makrides, S.C.et al. ,1992. Cell surface look of the C3b/C4b receptor ( CR1 ) protects the hamster ovary cells from lysis by human complement.J.Biol.Chem.34, pp.24754-24761. Moll, S.et al. ,2006. CRIT is expressed on podocytes in normal human kidney and upregulated in membranous kidney disease.Kidney International69,pp.1961-1968. Oh, K-S.et al. ,2003. Inhibition of complement activation by recombinant Sh-CRIT-ed1 parallels.Immunology110, pp.73-79.